Friday, July 30, 2010

INTAKE AND OUTPUT

One of the most basic methods of monitoring a client's health is measuring intake and output , commonly called I and O. By monitoring the amount of fluids a client takes in and comparing this to the amount of fluid a client puts out. The health care team can gain valuable insights into the client's general health as well as monitor specific disease conditions.

INTAKE
- all those fluids entering the client's body such as water, ice chips, juice, milk, coffee and ice cream. Artificial fluids include: parenteral, central lines, feeding tubes, irrigation and blood transfusion.

OUTPUT
- all fluid that leaves the client's body such as: urine, perspiration, exhalation, diarrhea, vomiting, drainage from all tubes and bleeding.

An accurate record of a client's fluid balance is an important nursing function.

Equipments:

- I & O form at bedside
- I & O graphic record in chart
- Pencil and paper
- Calibrated drinking glass
- Bedside pan, commode or urinal
- Calibrated container to measure outputs
- Weighing scale
- Non-sterile gloves
- Sign at bedside stating patient is for I & O monitoring

Ideal Daily fluid Intake and Output

Source/ AMOUNT/ Route/ AMOUNT
H2O consumed as fluid/ 1500ml/ urine/ 1400-1500ml
H2O present in food/ 750ml / insensible losses/ 350-400ml
H2O produced by oxidation/ 350ml / lungs/ 350-400ml
skin / 100ml
sweat/ 100-200ml
feces /
TOTAL/ 2600ml/ TOTAL/ 2300-2600ml

Purpose:
- helps evaluate client's fluid and electrolyte balance
- suggests various diagnosis
- influence the choice of fluid therapy
- document the client's ability to tolerate oral fluids
- recognize significant fluid losses

Mandatory for clients with burns, electrolyte imbalance, recent surgical procedure, severe vomiting or diarrhea, taking diuretics or corticosteroids, renal failure, congestive heart failure, NGT, drainage collection device and IV therapy.

Deviations:
Other sources of fluid loss and excessive losses from normal routes:
- drainage from catheter or tubes
- vomitus
- diarrhea
- diaphoresis
- hemorrhage
- ileostomy/ colostomy drainage
- excessive urine output

Average daily water requirement by age and weight:
AGE/ ml/ BODY WEIGHT ml/kg
3 days/ 250-350ml/80-100
1 year/ 1150-1300ml/ 120-135
2 years/ 1350-1500ml/ 115-125
4 years/ 1600-1800ml/100-110
10 years/ 2000-2500ml/70-85
14 years/ 2200-2700ml/ 50-60
18 years/ 2200-2700ml/40-60
adult /2400-2600ml/ 20-30

Nursing Intervention:
Intervention/ Rationale

1. Ideally intake and output should be monitored/ To obtain an accurate record
2. In critical situations, intake and output should be monitored on an hourly basis/ Urine output less than 500ml in 24 hours or less than 30cc/hour indicates renal failure
3. Daily weights are often done/ Indicate fluid retention or loss
4. Identify if patient undergone surgery or with medical problem / May affect fluid loss
5. Make sure you know the total amount and fluid sources once you delegate this task/ To get an accurate measurement
6. Record the type and amount of all fluids and describe the route at least every 8 hours
7. If irrigating a nasogastric or another tube or bladder, measure the amount instilled and subtract it from the total output/ To get exact amount
8. Keep toilet paper out of client urine output/ For an accurate measurement
9. Measure drainage in a calibrated container and observe it at eye level.

A significant change in a client's weight or a significant difference in a client's total intake and output should be reported immediately to the physician.

WEIGHT CHANGES
- mild dehydration- 2 to 5% loss
- moderate dehydration- 6 to 9% loss
- severe dehydration - 10 to 14% loss
- death- 20% loss

- mild volume overload- 2% gain
- moderate volume overload - 5% gain
- severe volume overload - 8% gain

Clinical Signs of Dehydration:
- dry skin and mucous membranes
- concentrated urine
- poor skin turger
- depressed periorbital space
- sunken fontanel
- dry conjunctiva
- cracked lips
- decreased saliva
- weak pulse

Client's signs of fluid excess:
- peripheral edema
- puffy eyelids
- sudden weight gain
- ascites
- rales in lungs
- blurred vision
- excessive salivation
- distended neck vein


UPDATE:
Thanks to those who read my post. I don't actually earn here except that you benefit from whatever I was able to share. Goodluck in all your undertakings!
But if you really insist you can always help through Metrobank S/A # 2348004756. My account name is Celso Balonzo. Thank you from Philippines, Mabuhay!
May God bless you always!

36 comments:

  1. thx u very much... as this posting was a quick helpful review for i & o. thx you again God bless

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. this is good, a big help.

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    2. Am Philo, All thanks to Dr Osaze who cured me of hepatitis B virus, I was almost contemplating death because of the pains i was going through, due to the syppthoms of the virus, until I came across Dr osaze's testimony and recommendations online and I contacted him, and he administered his Haber medicine on me, and within a month and two weeks I bounce back to my normal health status. In case you want to reach him, you can contact him through his email: drosaze39@gmail.com or call him at +2347089275769.


      Delete
    3. Am jeremiah, I am testifying about a great hebal man that cured my wife of hepatitis B, and liver cirhosis. his name is Dr oniha. My wife was diagnose of hepatities two years ago, i almost spent all i had then, until i saw dr oniha recommendation online, and i call him, then he told me how to get the herb. You can also call him on +2347089275769 or email him at dronihaspell@yahoo.com

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    4. Its a miracle that I am alive today. I encounter HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV1/2) for good four (4) years, before I meet the great Dr.okosun I am Leslie Jordan  from Fresno California, united state of America and I was affected with herpes virus. Herpes is a viral infection cause by the Herpes simplex virus, marked by painful, watery blister in the skin or mucous membrane or on the genitals. This was what I suffered for good four years. I have visited CVS Pharmacy in Fresno for treatment buat no improvement. I meet Dr. Okosun online while I was searching for herpes cure I read a testimony about his work. I give a try that now becomes a testimony in my life am now fully cured. kindly contacted Dr okosun via   WhatsApp  +2348124363791 or  email him on drokosun55@gmail.com  visit his website  https://drokosun55.weebly.com 
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  2. Hello Frndz....
    Nice Blog....
    Thanks for your blog. I just landed up in your blog and I really appreciate your blog. It is full of resourceful information.

    Nursing Home Reviews

    ReplyDelete
  3. What about fluid intake for cans of feedings? Is the total of the can considered fluid intake or just a portion of it? Our dietician counts a volume portion as food and the rest as fluid, wondering if she's right.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hello Tammy, in the calculation of I&O, what is considered is fluid content.

      Delete
  4. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  5. Your blog article is really very informative. Thanks for your sharing and please keep sharing.

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  6. Thank you for this. It really helps

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  7. thanks. it helped my presentation

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  11. I am so Happy to be writing this article in here, i am here to explore blogs forum about the wonderful and most safe cure for HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS.I was positive to the Virus called HERPES and i lost hope completely because i was rejected even by my closet friends. i searched online to know and inquire about cure for HERPES and i saw testimony about DR Ebhota online on how he cured so many persons from Herpes Disease so i decided to contact the great herbalist because i know that nature has the power to heal everything. i contacted him to know how he can help me and he told me never to worry that he will help me with the natural herbs from God! after 2 days of contacting him, he told me that the cure has been ready and he sent it to me via FEDEX or DHL and it got to me after 4 days! i used the medicine as he instructed me (MORNING and EVENING) and i was cured! its really like a dream but i'm so happy! that's the reason i decided to also add more comment of Him so that more people can be saved just like me! and if you need his help,contact his Email: (drebhotasoltion@gmail.com) You can contact him on WhatsApp +2348089535482 He also have the herb to cure difference cure for any sickness (1) HERPES,
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  14. I was diagnose April 17,2015 and find out I'm HIV positive.I was scared because there is no cure for HIV/AIDS but today some people still don't believe that there is cure for HIV, it can only be cured through Africans root and herbs,and our doctor's here in USA few of them know about the African herbal medicine can cure Hiv but they chooses to hide it from us just to make a sales of medical expertise. I did a research online finding way to get rid of my disease,I saw a comment about a herbal doctor on internet Name Dr itua ,who has cured several disease with his powerful herbal medicine, I contacted him on whats-app, chat with him explain my self to him.He said he can cure hiv perfectly well , he gave me his request which i send to him. within 5 days he sent me the herbal medicine through ups courier delivering service And told me how to take the medicine for 2 weeks to get cured,I did for 2 weeks, within this 7 days  i notice a very big change in my health and i new some thing great has happened then i went to confirm my result after finishing the herbal medicine for two weeks it was absolutely negative.The doctor who new i was hiv positive was asking me how come i am negative, what did it took to get cure and were did i get this medicine from and how did i get rid of it I told him every thing about the herbal medicine that cure me. imagine doctor telling me not to let anyone know about it,I wasn't shock though i knew they know about the herbal cure but chose to hide it in other to make sales on medicals expertise,if you are HIV positive Or other disease such as,Sickle Cell,Cancer,Hiv,Herpes,Shingles, Hepatitis B,Liver Inflammatory,Diabetes,Fibroid,Parkinson's,Alzheimer’s disease,Bechet’s disease,Crohn’s disease,Cushing’s disease,Heart failure,Multiple Sclerosis ,Epilepsy Dupuytren's disease,Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor Diabetes ,Coeliac disease, Ataxia,Arthritis,Amyotrophic Lateral Scoliosis,Syndrome Fibrodysplasia Ossificans ProgresS sclerosis,Seizures,Adrenocortical carcinoma.Asthma,Allergic diseases,,Copd,Glaucoma., Cataracts,Macular degeneration,Cardiovascular disease,Lung disease.Enlarged prostate,Osteoporosis.Autism,Fibromyalgia,Fluoroquinolone Toxicity,Dementia.,Lyme Disease,,Non Hodgkin Lymphoma,Skin Cancer,Uterine Cancer,Prostate Cancer Dercum,Lupus,Hpv,Weak Erection,Infertility,fibromyalgia,Chronic Diarrhea,Get Your Ex Back,Als,SYPHILIS,Colo-Rectal Cancer,Blood Cancer,Breast CANCER,Lung Cancer,Prostate Cancer,Autism,Brain Cancer,Genetic disease,Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease,.. please contact my savior drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com or WHATSAPP number +2348149277967..

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    ReplyDelete
  16. Herbal medicine is the best Greetings I am here to testify how great man called Dr OMO helped me out with herbs and roots which he prepared for me in use of curing my fibroids and Getting pregnant after 8 years of try to conceive with fibroids I takes his product (cure for my fibroid made with herbal medicine Root) for (14) days before I am to known I was totally pregnant after 2months of using dr omo herbs he also have Herbal medical for all types of diseases, and i promise him that i will tell the world about his Great job he ask me to drink from the herbal medicine before meeting my husband I did and after 2months I was pregnant thank you for your great job he can also help you if you have a low sperm count you want to convince a baby fast PCOS ,infections, swollen Legs,Diabetes,stomach ucler , Cyst, THYROID, COPD, Endometriosis, breast cancer,HIV?AID,ALS, yeast infection, Gonorrhea, Chronic Sinus, HPV low testosterone, Herpes, blocked fallopian tubes Liver parasites ovarian Arthritis, Cysts, pile, ASTHMA, Crowns and all other type of diseases,WEAK ERECTION, STRETCH MARK REMOVER , breast cancer, Parkinson's, male-enhancement Cream, BARENESS/INFERTILITY, HEPATITIS B pile, Get lost period back, stop period pain, Love spell, get your Ex lover back,Email : dromo596@gmail.com WhatsApp him on +2349033505260 thank you for all your work..

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  17. I was diagnosed as HEPATITIS B carrier in 2013 with fibrosis of the
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    ReplyDelete
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    ReplyDelete
  19. I've been treating herpes virus for several years with different medications until I saw a post on how a young lady got cured from herpes, Out of desperation I decided to contact him with little or no hope of a solution after taken his herbal medications reluctantly to my biggest surprise I tested negative, God bless you Dr ubarlo drubarlohome@gmail.com or Whatsapp +2348119508814 for his wonderful work

    ReplyDelete
  20. I got Diagnosed with Herpes, I have be dealing with Herpes for the past 4 years. On till I got review online about natural cure people testifies how DR. Ehimare cure them with his herbal treatment. And I order the treatment, after taking it for 21 days I totally got cured with DR. Ehimare treatment. I'm recommending you diagnosis with herpes should get this treatment and be cured of it you can contact his email address via; drehimare3@gmail. com or you can also call or whatsapp +1 (267) 691-1087Dr. Ehimare also cure the following virus and many more... 1} Cancer 2} Diabetes 3} Hepatitis 4} fibroid 5} herpes 6} Lupus  

    ReplyDelete
  21. I want to share my testimonies to the general
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    ReplyDelete
  22. I thank God that everything is fine now that am doing well, and the hospital have also confirmed that i am now negative of the #herpes, which almost took my life Please if you know you are facing Same such situations contact Dr.Chala on via email dr.chalaherbalhome@gmail.com OR if you want to know more about his product and services just visit his Website: http://drchalaherbalhome.godaddysites.com or https://mywa.link/dr.chalaherbalhome

    ReplyDelete
  23. I got diagnosed with herpes simplex virus after i had finally graduated from college, after years of working full-time and being a single mother. Eventually it was my faith that got me through the difficult times. I decided this would not ruin me. I returned to my hometown, reconnected with family and friends, I took the step of going to a clinic, I started to go for regular check-ups and it wasn't long before I was on meds. But all this didn’t work out, I started reading articles on herpes simplex virus online and alternative medications until I met Dr muthuka who helped me cure my herpes with his 14 days herbal cure. Thanks. you are amazing Dr muthuka   Contact Dr Muthuka details:via email; muthukaherbalhome@gmail.com   or call or whatsapp him +2349039175109 God we Bless You 
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    ReplyDelete
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    ReplyDelete
  25. Do you need a solution for male infertility like: AZOOSPERMIA, LOW SPERM COUNT, WEAK ERECTION, and PREMATURE EJACULATION? Look no further! Dr. Uduehi has the cure/remedy to any type of male infertility. It’s been 4 months since he cured me of azoospermia and my spouse is currently pregnant for me. I was diagnosed of Non‐obstructive azoospermia (NOA), which people believes it’s impossible to be cured or treated. But with Dr Uduehi’s medication, I got cured. I am expecting a baby anytime soon and I was introduced to the doctor by someone whom he treated of low sperm count. So, I deemed it fit to share my experience with the doctor to the general public and to give hope to those who don’t know who to meet for their problems. The doctor’s contact: (uduehiherbalcare@gmail.com) (+2347084878384)

    ReplyDelete
  26. Hello, everyone! I,m here to explore blogs and forum about wonderful and most safe cure for (Herpes Virus).I was positive to the deadly virus called herpes and i lost hope because i was out casted and rejected even by my closet friends.i searched on-line to know and enquirer about cure for Herpes and i read someone testimony on how he was cured from Herpes so i decided to contact the same herbalist because i know that nature has the power to heal everything.i contacted him to know how he can help me and he told me never to worry that he will heal me with the natural herbs from God!after 2 days of contacting him, he told me that the cure has been ready and he sent it to me via DHL and it got to me after 3 days!i used the med as he instructed me (MORNING and EVENING) and i was cured!its really like a dream but i am so happy!thats the reason i decided to also add more comment of Him so that more can be saved just like me!and if you need his help, you can email him on drehimare3@gmail.com, or whatsapp +1 (267) 691-1087 I,m neme amber and you can get in touch with me via drehimare3@gmail.com..Contact him for help at Herpes virus HIV/AIDS CANCER COPD BRAIN TUMOR All kind of virus and disease Dr Ehimare

    ReplyDelete

  27. (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible. The more familiar terms 'chronic bronchitis' and 'emphysema' are no longer used, but are now included within the COPD diagnosis. COPD is not simply a "smoker's cough" but an under-diagnosed, life-threatening lung disease and now all thanks to dr.Successful @ Dr.successfulcuringhome@gmail.com Or Dm him via whatsapp link https://wa.me/qr/UFTMANFGSLY4E1 Dr. Successful also have pure natural food and herbs for Herpes And Diabetes And Lot more. for more info
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    ReplyDelete
  28. The treatment/cure for AZOOSPERMIA (zero sperm count), LOW SPERM COUNT, WEEK ERECTION, WATERY SPERM, PREMATURE EJACULATION is available, contact Dr. Uduehi now for a permanent solution/cure. I was once a victim and I got treated/cured by this doctor, and now am blessed with kids. Contact: uduehiherbalcare@gmail.com Tel; +2347084878384

    ReplyDelete
  29. Are you a diabetic type1 or 2 patient and looking for a cure? look no further and contact Dr. Oda for a pamanent cure once and for all. my name is Sarah and I'm a testimony to his medicine, it's been 11 years and I have been living a normal life and eating any food of my choice since I got cured by this doctor. His contact: drodasolution@gmail.com +234 805 761 6299

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