Handwashing - single most important procedure for preventing the spread of biological contamination
- one of the most effective way to protect yourself, your patient, and your colleagues from cross infection
- prevents possibility of contamination
When should we wash our hands?
- before eating or handling food
- after using the toilet
- when hands are contaminated by secretions
- after touching public installations or equipments
- after changing diapers or handling soiled articles of young children or the sick
- before touching the eyes , nose and mouth
- after coming in contact with blood or other body fluids
Equipments or Materials Needed:
- faucet/ sink
- soap
- clean towel/ tissue paper
Procedure/ Rationale:
1. Remove all jewelries / Jewelries harbor microorganisms
2. Avoid touching the sink / consider the sink, including the faucet control contaminated
3. Turn the water on
4. Wet your hands and wrists in running water
5. Apply soap into the hands and lather / To remove dirt and organic materials that harbor microorganisms
6. Rub hands for 15 to 20 seconds using firm rubbing and circular movements on all surface of the hands
- palm to palm
- right hand over back of left hand with fingers interfaced
- palm to palm with fingers interfaced
- clasped hands with back of fingers against opposing palms
- rotate right hand around left thumb, then change hands and repeat
- rub fingertips to clean center of palm
- rinse hands thoroughly under a stream of water/ Running water carries away dirt and debris
- dry hands completely with a clean dry towel or tissue paper / To prevent chapping and facilitates donning of gloves
- use a dry paper towel to turn faucet off/ To prevent contamination with the faucet
UPDATE:
I don't actually earn here so if you would like to help feel free to do so. Send it through Metrobank S/A # 2348004756. My account name is Celso Balonzo. From the Philippines Mabuhay and may God bless you always!
Thursday, August 19, 2010
Wednesday, August 18, 2010
THORACOSTOMY
Close Tube Thoracostomy/ Chest Tube Insertion- insertion of tube through an intercostal space into the pleural cavity to remove air, drain fluid , drain both air and fluid and to drain blood
- following traumatic injury to the chest, blood or air can accumulate resulting in collapse of the lung. To re-expand the lung, a tube thoracostomy (chest tube) is placed, draining the blood through a one way valve.
Equipment:
- str. kelly
- dressing tray
- kelly curve
- micropore and leukoplast
- thoracostomy tube ( fr 36, 34, 32, 28, 26, 200
- mayo scissor
- glass tubing with rubber
- blade # 10
- sterile bottle #2
- sterile gloves
- connecting tube
- silk 2/0 cn
- lidocaine 2%
- silk strands 3/0
- syringe 10cc
- eye sheet or drape
- needle g 21
- sterile os 4x4
Nursing Procedure:
1. Secure consent
2. Explain the procedure thoroughly
3. Inform OR staff/ ER staff
4. Inform anesthesiologist
5. Preparation of the site
6. Remove dentures/ jewelries
7. Prepare the OR checklist
CHEST DRAINAGE
- the pleural cavity normally has negative pressure. Any drainage system connected to it must be sealed so that air or liquid cannot enter
- such a drainage system, water- sealed drainage or disposable drainage system
Three Mechanisms Used:
1. Positive expiratory pressure - when pleural cavity contains some air or fluid, a (+) pressure develops during expiration this is abnormal, but it does help expel the air and to some extent fluid from the space
2. Gravity - acts as an evacuation force when the tubing is placed so that it descends from the insertion site to the drainage receptacle
3. Suction - used in conjunction with the other two forces in some drainage systems
Kinds of Water-Sealed Drainage System:
1. One-bottle system - a single receptacle receives both the fluid and/or air from the client and seals the system. A combination of fluid from the client and sterile H2O forms the water- seal.
2. Two-bottle system- the air/fluid from the pleural cavity is received into bottle A. The air from bottle A is passed into bottle B. The air then passes through the sterile water and exits from bottle B through the air vent. The fluid from the pleural cavity remain in bottle A.
3. Three- bottle system- fluid from the pleural cavity collects in bottle A which is connected to a tube in bottle B that terminates below the fluid level. Bottle B is then connected to bottle C by a short tube. Bottle C has a manometer tube submerged in sterile water.
Monitoring a Client with Chest Drainage:
Equipments:
- 2 kelly clamp
- sterile gauze with lubricant
- sterile gauze
- sterile drainage system
- an occlusive tape
Nursing Procedure:
Procedure/ Rationale
1. Check all connections are secured with tape / To ensure that the system is alright
2. Milk or strip the chest tubing as ordered / Milking the tubing dislodges obstruction
3. Inspect the drainage in the collection container/ For proper and accurate monitoring of the changes
4. Check the fluctuation of fluid level / Absence of fluctuation may indicate tubing obstruction from a kink
5. Check for intermittent bubbling / It normally occurs when the system removes air from space
6. Inspect the air vent in the system periodically / Obstruction from the air vent causes a pressure in the system that could result in pneumothorax
7. Report drainage on dressing immediately / It is not a normal occurrence
8. Palpate the area around the chest tube insertion site / Indicates that air is leaking into the subcutaneous tissue (s.c. emphysema)
9. Situate the drainage system / To avoid breakage
10. Place the 2 clamps at the bedside / Clamps are used judiciously and only in emergency situations because they can cause tension to pneumothorax
11. Encourage deep breathing and coughing exercise / Facilitate drainage and help the lungs to re-expand
12. Reposition the client every 2 hours / Promote drainage, prevent complications and provide comfort
UPDATE :
I don't actually earn here but if you would like to help feel free please. Send your help through Metrobank S/A # 2348004756. My account name is : Celso Balonzo. From the Philippines, Mabuhay and may God bless you always!
- following traumatic injury to the chest, blood or air can accumulate resulting in collapse of the lung. To re-expand the lung, a tube thoracostomy (chest tube) is placed, draining the blood through a one way valve.
Equipment:
- str. kelly
- dressing tray
- kelly curve
- micropore and leukoplast
- thoracostomy tube ( fr 36, 34, 32, 28, 26, 200
- mayo scissor
- glass tubing with rubber
- blade # 10
- sterile bottle #2
- sterile gloves
- connecting tube
- silk 2/0 cn
- lidocaine 2%
- silk strands 3/0
- syringe 10cc
- eye sheet or drape
- needle g 21
- sterile os 4x4
Nursing Procedure:
1. Secure consent
2. Explain the procedure thoroughly
3. Inform OR staff/ ER staff
4. Inform anesthesiologist
5. Preparation of the site
6. Remove dentures/ jewelries
7. Prepare the OR checklist
CHEST DRAINAGE
- the pleural cavity normally has negative pressure. Any drainage system connected to it must be sealed so that air or liquid cannot enter
- such a drainage system, water- sealed drainage or disposable drainage system
Three Mechanisms Used:
1. Positive expiratory pressure - when pleural cavity contains some air or fluid, a (+) pressure develops during expiration this is abnormal, but it does help expel the air and to some extent fluid from the space
2. Gravity - acts as an evacuation force when the tubing is placed so that it descends from the insertion site to the drainage receptacle
3. Suction - used in conjunction with the other two forces in some drainage systems
Kinds of Water-Sealed Drainage System:
1. One-bottle system - a single receptacle receives both the fluid and/or air from the client and seals the system. A combination of fluid from the client and sterile H2O forms the water- seal.
2. Two-bottle system- the air/fluid from the pleural cavity is received into bottle A. The air from bottle A is passed into bottle B. The air then passes through the sterile water and exits from bottle B through the air vent. The fluid from the pleural cavity remain in bottle A.
3. Three- bottle system- fluid from the pleural cavity collects in bottle A which is connected to a tube in bottle B that terminates below the fluid level. Bottle B is then connected to bottle C by a short tube. Bottle C has a manometer tube submerged in sterile water.
Monitoring a Client with Chest Drainage:
Equipments:
- 2 kelly clamp
- sterile gauze with lubricant
- sterile gauze
- sterile drainage system
- an occlusive tape
Nursing Procedure:
Procedure/ Rationale
1. Check all connections are secured with tape / To ensure that the system is alright
2. Milk or strip the chest tubing as ordered / Milking the tubing dislodges obstruction
3. Inspect the drainage in the collection container/ For proper and accurate monitoring of the changes
4. Check the fluctuation of fluid level / Absence of fluctuation may indicate tubing obstruction from a kink
5. Check for intermittent bubbling / It normally occurs when the system removes air from space
6. Inspect the air vent in the system periodically / Obstruction from the air vent causes a pressure in the system that could result in pneumothorax
7. Report drainage on dressing immediately / It is not a normal occurrence
8. Palpate the area around the chest tube insertion site / Indicates that air is leaking into the subcutaneous tissue (s.c. emphysema)
9. Situate the drainage system / To avoid breakage
10. Place the 2 clamps at the bedside / Clamps are used judiciously and only in emergency situations because they can cause tension to pneumothorax
11. Encourage deep breathing and coughing exercise / Facilitate drainage and help the lungs to re-expand
12. Reposition the client every 2 hours / Promote drainage, prevent complications and provide comfort
UPDATE :
I don't actually earn here but if you would like to help feel free please. Send your help through Metrobank S/A # 2348004756. My account name is : Celso Balonzo. From the Philippines, Mabuhay and may God bless you always!
Friday, August 13, 2010
ENEMA
Types of Enema:
1. Carminative enema- done to expel flatus. 60-180 ml of water is introduced
2. Retention enema - introduce oil into the rectum and sigmoid colon. Oil retained in 1 to 3 hours
Instillation- introduction of a liquid (usually mineral oil) into thew colon to facilitate fecal activity
by lubricating effect
3. Return flow enema ( Harris flush/ colonic irrigation) - 100 to 200 ml of fluid is introduced into
and out of the large intestines to stimulate peristalsis and expulsion of flatus
Equipments:
- enema can
- kelly forcep
- IV pole
- solution
- KY jelly
- rectal tube
- gloves
- hose
Nursing procedure/ Rationale
1. Inform the client about the procedure/ To promote cooperation
2. Assemble articles/ For efficiency
3. If using an enema bag, fill it with 750-1000 ml warm tap water / Hot water can burn intestinal mucosa, cold water can cause abdominal cramping
4. Clamp tubing / To keep solution intact
5. Place waterproof pad absorbent/ To prevent soiling
6. Assist client into the left side lying with knee flexed/ Allows enema solution to flow downward by gravity
7. Cover client with bath blanket exposing only rectal area / Provide warmth, allows client to feel more relaxed
8. Lubricate 3-4 inches tip of rectal tube / Provides smooth insertion without irritation and trauma
9. Gently separate buttocks and locate anus / For accurate exposure
10. Instruct client to relax / It promotes relaxation of external anal sphincter
11. Insert tip of rectal tube 3-4 inches / Careful insertion prevents trauma to rectal mucosa
12. Hold tubing in rectum constantly until end of instillation/ Bowel contraction can cause expulsion of tube
13. With container at client's hip level, open regulating clamp and allow solution to enter slowly / Rapid infusion can stimulate evacuation and cause cramping
14. Raise height of enema bag slowly to 30-45cm (12-18 inches) / Raising container too high causes rapid infusion and possible painful distention of colon
15. Hang container on IV pole
16. Clamp tubing if client complains of cramping / Temporary cessation minimizes cramping
17. Tell client that the procedure is completed and that you will be removing rectal tube / Client may misinterpret the sensation of removing the tube as a loss of control
18. Explain feeling of distention is normal. Tell client to retain 5-10 minutes / Solution distend bowel. Longer retention promotes more effective stimulation.
19. Assist to bathroom
20. Instuct client with a history of cardiovascular disease to exhale while expelling enema to avoid valsalva maneuver/ Valsalva maneuver- strenuously trying to move a constipated stool and may result in cardiac arrest
21. Assist client to wash anal area with wearm soap and water / Fecal content can irritate the skin. Hygiene promotes comfort.
22. Do after care
Characteristics of a Good Recording :
1. Accuracy
2. Conciseness
3. Thoroughness
4. Currentness
UPDATE:
Thanks for reading my post . I don't actually earn here so if you would like to help feel free to do so. You may send it through: Metrobank S/A No. 2348004756 . Account name is: Celso Balonzo. From the Philippines thank you and God bless!
1. Carminative enema- done to expel flatus. 60-180 ml of water is introduced
2. Retention enema - introduce oil into the rectum and sigmoid colon. Oil retained in 1 to 3 hours
Instillation- introduction of a liquid (usually mineral oil) into thew colon to facilitate fecal activity
by lubricating effect
3. Return flow enema ( Harris flush/ colonic irrigation) - 100 to 200 ml of fluid is introduced into
and out of the large intestines to stimulate peristalsis and expulsion of flatus
Equipments:
- enema can
- kelly forcep
- IV pole
- solution
- KY jelly
- rectal tube
- gloves
- hose
Nursing procedure/ Rationale
1. Inform the client about the procedure/ To promote cooperation
2. Assemble articles/ For efficiency
3. If using an enema bag, fill it with 750-1000 ml warm tap water / Hot water can burn intestinal mucosa, cold water can cause abdominal cramping
4. Clamp tubing / To keep solution intact
5. Place waterproof pad absorbent/ To prevent soiling
6. Assist client into the left side lying with knee flexed/ Allows enema solution to flow downward by gravity
7. Cover client with bath blanket exposing only rectal area / Provide warmth, allows client to feel more relaxed
8. Lubricate 3-4 inches tip of rectal tube / Provides smooth insertion without irritation and trauma
9. Gently separate buttocks and locate anus / For accurate exposure
10. Instruct client to relax / It promotes relaxation of external anal sphincter
11. Insert tip of rectal tube 3-4 inches / Careful insertion prevents trauma to rectal mucosa
12. Hold tubing in rectum constantly until end of instillation/ Bowel contraction can cause expulsion of tube
13. With container at client's hip level, open regulating clamp and allow solution to enter slowly / Rapid infusion can stimulate evacuation and cause cramping
14. Raise height of enema bag slowly to 30-45cm (12-18 inches) / Raising container too high causes rapid infusion and possible painful distention of colon
15. Hang container on IV pole
16. Clamp tubing if client complains of cramping / Temporary cessation minimizes cramping
17. Tell client that the procedure is completed and that you will be removing rectal tube / Client may misinterpret the sensation of removing the tube as a loss of control
18. Explain feeling of distention is normal. Tell client to retain 5-10 minutes / Solution distend bowel. Longer retention promotes more effective stimulation.
19. Assist to bathroom
20. Instuct client with a history of cardiovascular disease to exhale while expelling enema to avoid valsalva maneuver/ Valsalva maneuver- strenuously trying to move a constipated stool and may result in cardiac arrest
21. Assist client to wash anal area with wearm soap and water / Fecal content can irritate the skin. Hygiene promotes comfort.
22. Do after care
Characteristics of a Good Recording :
1. Accuracy
2. Conciseness
3. Thoroughness
4. Currentness
UPDATE:
Thanks for reading my post . I don't actually earn here so if you would like to help feel free to do so. You may send it through: Metrobank S/A No. 2348004756 . Account name is: Celso Balonzo. From the Philippines thank you and God bless!
Friday, July 30, 2010
INTAKE AND OUTPUT
One of the most basic methods of monitoring a client's health is measuring intake and output , commonly called I and O. By monitoring the amount of fluids a client takes in and comparing this to the amount of fluid a client puts out. The health care team can gain valuable insights into the client's general health as well as monitor specific disease conditions.
INTAKE
- all those fluids entering the client's body such as water, ice chips, juice, milk, coffee and ice cream. Artificial fluids include: parenteral, central lines, feeding tubes, irrigation and blood transfusion.
OUTPUT
- all fluid that leaves the client's body such as: urine, perspiration, exhalation, diarrhea, vomiting, drainage from all tubes and bleeding.
An accurate record of a client's fluid balance is an important nursing function.
Equipments:
- I & O form at bedside
- I & O graphic record in chart
- Pencil and paper
- Calibrated drinking glass
- Bedside pan, commode or urinal
- Calibrated container to measure outputs
- Weighing scale
- Non-sterile gloves
- Sign at bedside stating patient is for I & O monitoring
Ideal Daily fluid Intake and Output
Source/ AMOUNT/ Route/ AMOUNT
H2O consumed as fluid/ 1500ml/ urine/ 1400-1500ml
H2O present in food/ 750ml / insensible losses/ 350-400ml
H2O produced by oxidation/ 350ml / lungs/ 350-400ml
skin / 100ml
sweat/ 100-200ml
feces /
TOTAL/ 2600ml/ TOTAL/ 2300-2600ml
Purpose:
- helps evaluate client's fluid and electrolyte balance
- suggests various diagnosis
- influence the choice of fluid therapy
- document the client's ability to tolerate oral fluids
- recognize significant fluid losses
Mandatory for clients with burns, electrolyte imbalance, recent surgical procedure, severe vomiting or diarrhea, taking diuretics or corticosteroids, renal failure, congestive heart failure, NGT, drainage collection device and IV therapy.
Deviations:
Other sources of fluid loss and excessive losses from normal routes:
- drainage from catheter or tubes
- vomitus
- diarrhea
- diaphoresis
- hemorrhage
- ileostomy/ colostomy drainage
- excessive urine output
Average daily water requirement by age and weight:
AGE/ ml/ BODY WEIGHT ml/kg
3 days/ 250-350ml/80-100
1 year/ 1150-1300ml/ 120-135
2 years/ 1350-1500ml/ 115-125
4 years/ 1600-1800ml/100-110
10 years/ 2000-2500ml/70-85
14 years/ 2200-2700ml/ 50-60
18 years/ 2200-2700ml/40-60
adult /2400-2600ml/ 20-30
Nursing Intervention:
Intervention/ Rationale
1. Ideally intake and output should be monitored/ To obtain an accurate record
2. In critical situations, intake and output should be monitored on an hourly basis/ Urine output less than 500ml in 24 hours or less than 30cc/hour indicates renal failure
3. Daily weights are often done/ Indicate fluid retention or loss
4. Identify if patient undergone surgery or with medical problem / May affect fluid loss
5. Make sure you know the total amount and fluid sources once you delegate this task/ To get an accurate measurement
6. Record the type and amount of all fluids and describe the route at least every 8 hours
7. If irrigating a nasogastric or another tube or bladder, measure the amount instilled and subtract it from the total output/ To get exact amount
8. Keep toilet paper out of client urine output/ For an accurate measurement
9. Measure drainage in a calibrated container and observe it at eye level.
A significant change in a client's weight or a significant difference in a client's total intake and output should be reported immediately to the physician.
WEIGHT CHANGES
- mild dehydration- 2 to 5% loss
- moderate dehydration- 6 to 9% loss
- severe dehydration - 10 to 14% loss
- death- 20% loss
- mild volume overload- 2% gain
- moderate volume overload - 5% gain
- severe volume overload - 8% gain
Clinical Signs of Dehydration:
- dry skin and mucous membranes
- concentrated urine
- poor skin turger
- depressed periorbital space
- sunken fontanel
- dry conjunctiva
- cracked lips
- decreased saliva
- weak pulse
Client's signs of fluid excess:
- peripheral edema
- puffy eyelids
- sudden weight gain
- ascites
- rales in lungs
- blurred vision
- excessive salivation
- distended neck vein
UPDATE:
Thanks to those who read my post. I don't actually earn here except that you benefit from whatever I was able to share. Goodluck in all your undertakings!
But if you really insist you can always help through Metrobank S/A # 2348004756. My account name is Celso Balonzo. Thank you from Philippines, Mabuhay!
May God bless you always!
INTAKE
- all those fluids entering the client's body such as water, ice chips, juice, milk, coffee and ice cream. Artificial fluids include: parenteral, central lines, feeding tubes, irrigation and blood transfusion.
OUTPUT
- all fluid that leaves the client's body such as: urine, perspiration, exhalation, diarrhea, vomiting, drainage from all tubes and bleeding.
An accurate record of a client's fluid balance is an important nursing function.
Equipments:
- I & O form at bedside
- I & O graphic record in chart
- Pencil and paper
- Calibrated drinking glass
- Bedside pan, commode or urinal
- Calibrated container to measure outputs
- Weighing scale
- Non-sterile gloves
- Sign at bedside stating patient is for I & O monitoring
Ideal Daily fluid Intake and Output
Source/ AMOUNT/ Route/ AMOUNT
H2O consumed as fluid/ 1500ml/ urine/ 1400-1500ml
H2O present in food/ 750ml / insensible losses/ 350-400ml
H2O produced by oxidation/ 350ml / lungs/ 350-400ml
skin / 100ml
sweat/ 100-200ml
feces /
TOTAL/ 2600ml/ TOTAL/ 2300-2600ml
Purpose:
- helps evaluate client's fluid and electrolyte balance
- suggests various diagnosis
- influence the choice of fluid therapy
- document the client's ability to tolerate oral fluids
- recognize significant fluid losses
Mandatory for clients with burns, electrolyte imbalance, recent surgical procedure, severe vomiting or diarrhea, taking diuretics or corticosteroids, renal failure, congestive heart failure, NGT, drainage collection device and IV therapy.
Deviations:
Other sources of fluid loss and excessive losses from normal routes:
- drainage from catheter or tubes
- vomitus
- diarrhea
- diaphoresis
- hemorrhage
- ileostomy/ colostomy drainage
- excessive urine output
Average daily water requirement by age and weight:
AGE/ ml/ BODY WEIGHT ml/kg
3 days/ 250-350ml/80-100
1 year/ 1150-1300ml/ 120-135
2 years/ 1350-1500ml/ 115-125
4 years/ 1600-1800ml/100-110
10 years/ 2000-2500ml/70-85
14 years/ 2200-2700ml/ 50-60
18 years/ 2200-2700ml/40-60
adult /2400-2600ml/ 20-30
Nursing Intervention:
Intervention/ Rationale
1. Ideally intake and output should be monitored/ To obtain an accurate record
2. In critical situations, intake and output should be monitored on an hourly basis/ Urine output less than 500ml in 24 hours or less than 30cc/hour indicates renal failure
3. Daily weights are often done/ Indicate fluid retention or loss
4. Identify if patient undergone surgery or with medical problem / May affect fluid loss
5. Make sure you know the total amount and fluid sources once you delegate this task/ To get an accurate measurement
6. Record the type and amount of all fluids and describe the route at least every 8 hours
7. If irrigating a nasogastric or another tube or bladder, measure the amount instilled and subtract it from the total output/ To get exact amount
8. Keep toilet paper out of client urine output/ For an accurate measurement
9. Measure drainage in a calibrated container and observe it at eye level.
A significant change in a client's weight or a significant difference in a client's total intake and output should be reported immediately to the physician.
WEIGHT CHANGES
- mild dehydration- 2 to 5% loss
- moderate dehydration- 6 to 9% loss
- severe dehydration - 10 to 14% loss
- death- 20% loss
- mild volume overload- 2% gain
- moderate volume overload - 5% gain
- severe volume overload - 8% gain
Clinical Signs of Dehydration:
- dry skin and mucous membranes
- concentrated urine
- poor skin turger
- depressed periorbital space
- sunken fontanel
- dry conjunctiva
- cracked lips
- decreased saliva
- weak pulse
Client's signs of fluid excess:
- peripheral edema
- puffy eyelids
- sudden weight gain
- ascites
- rales in lungs
- blurred vision
- excessive salivation
- distended neck vein
UPDATE:
Thanks to those who read my post. I don't actually earn here except that you benefit from whatever I was able to share. Goodluck in all your undertakings!
But if you really insist you can always help through Metrobank S/A # 2348004756. My account name is Celso Balonzo. Thank you from Philippines, Mabuhay!
May God bless you always!
Thursday, July 22, 2010
NGT INSERTION
Thanks for visiting my site. I don't actually earn here so if you would like to help please feel free to do so. You can send it to Metrobank S/A No. 2348004756 . My account name is : Celso Balonzo. From the Philippines, Mabuhay and may God bless you always!
NGT INSERTION- basically an insertion of a nasogastric tube to the nasoesophageal tract to the stomach
Purpose:
- to provide nutrition and medication - gavage
- to gain access to the stomach and its contents- lavage
- to decompress the stomach
Contraindications:
- basal skull fracture
- esophageal strictures
- fistulae
- nasal fractures/ nose bleeds
- patients who have recent esophageal surgery
- esophageal varices
Getting started:
- check doctor's order
- introduce yourself to the patient and explain the procedure
- get consent and let her/him sign the consent form. Remember to make a full clinical assessment of the patient prior to carrying out the procedure.
Materials needed:
- sterile gloves
- hypoallergenic tape
- 5O ml asepto syringe
- stethoscope
- water-soluble lubricant
- nasogastric tubing
Patient's position:
- sit the patient in a semi-recumbent position
- examine the nasal passages for any deformity/obstruction in order to determine the best side for insertion
Determine the length to be inserted:
-Place the tip of the tube against the epigastrium
Measure length to be inserted:
- passing the tube behind the ear, over the top of the ear and to the tip of the nostril
Mark the NGT:
- mark the NGT with an indelible marker
Lubricate the NGT:
- lubricate the tip of nasogastric tube with a water based lubricant or just water depending on local policy
Lubricate the nasal meatus:
- apply gel or water to the nasal meatus that you have selected to insert the nasogastric tube in
Insertion of the NGT:
- insert the nasogastric tube into the nasal meatus
- advance forward in a calm manner
Things to remember:
- if obstruction is encountered, withdraw slightly then advance the tube at a slightly- different angle. Gentle rotation of the tube can be helpful.
- if the patient can cooperate, instruct him that when the tip of the tube is felt in the throat; he should swallow, tilting the chin downward slightly at the same time. Swallowing enhances the passage of tube into the esophagus.
- never force the NGT. Withdraw the tube immediately if the patient demonstrates any signs of respiratory distress.
Continuing insertion:
- continue to pass the tube until you reach the part with the marking
- secure the nasogastric tube with tape to the cheek.Then proceed to checking of placement.
Checking the placement using "swoosh" method
- the swoosh method is done with the use of syringe. You push a small volume of air down the NGT while listening for the bubbling sound in the epigastric area by a stethoscope.
Checking the placement of NGT using pH paper:
- another method for checking the placement of a nasogastric tube is by aspirating a sample with a 5O ml catheter tip syringe. Test the pH of the aspirate with appropriate pH paper. Gastric contents should have a pH below 4.
Checking the placement of the NGT always take place :
- after initial insertion
- before administering each feed
- before giving medication via the NGT
- following any episode of vomiting or coughing
- if you suspect the nasogastric tube has moved like loose tape or the tube appears longer
Caution:
- if there is any query or doubt about the position of the NGT no feeding or administration of medication should take place
Checking placement using X-ray:
- the most accurate method for confirming the correct placement of NGT is radiography. An x-ray is not required routinely to confirm correct placement. If it is not possible to use swoosh method or to obtain an aspirate or if the pH of the gastric content is above 4 an x-ray is required. If you are unable to see the NGT tip clearly below the diaphragm, do not allow the NGT to be used until the x-ray has been reviewed by an experienced doctor.
Secure the NGT:
- anchor the tube securely to the nose and cheek keeping it out of the patient's field of vision
- correctly dispose of clinical waste and wash your hands
Documentation:
-date and time of procedure
- indication for insertion
- type of tube used
- distance tube inserted if appropriate
- the nature of the aspirate
- method used to check location of the tube insertion
- any procedural comments
NGT INSERTION- basically an insertion of a nasogastric tube to the nasoesophageal tract to the stomach
Purpose:
- to provide nutrition and medication - gavage
- to gain access to the stomach and its contents- lavage
- to decompress the stomach
Contraindications:
- basal skull fracture
- esophageal strictures
- fistulae
- nasal fractures/ nose bleeds
- patients who have recent esophageal surgery
- esophageal varices
Getting started:
- check doctor's order
- introduce yourself to the patient and explain the procedure
- get consent and let her/him sign the consent form. Remember to make a full clinical assessment of the patient prior to carrying out the procedure.
Materials needed:
- sterile gloves
- hypoallergenic tape
- 5O ml asepto syringe
- stethoscope
- water-soluble lubricant
- nasogastric tubing
Patient's position:
- sit the patient in a semi-recumbent position
- examine the nasal passages for any deformity/obstruction in order to determine the best side for insertion
Determine the length to be inserted:
-Place the tip of the tube against the epigastrium
Measure length to be inserted:
- passing the tube behind the ear, over the top of the ear and to the tip of the nostril
Mark the NGT:
- mark the NGT with an indelible marker
Lubricate the NGT:
- lubricate the tip of nasogastric tube with a water based lubricant or just water depending on local policy
Lubricate the nasal meatus:
- apply gel or water to the nasal meatus that you have selected to insert the nasogastric tube in
Insertion of the NGT:
- insert the nasogastric tube into the nasal meatus
- advance forward in a calm manner
Things to remember:
- if obstruction is encountered, withdraw slightly then advance the tube at a slightly- different angle. Gentle rotation of the tube can be helpful.
- if the patient can cooperate, instruct him that when the tip of the tube is felt in the throat; he should swallow, tilting the chin downward slightly at the same time. Swallowing enhances the passage of tube into the esophagus.
- never force the NGT. Withdraw the tube immediately if the patient demonstrates any signs of respiratory distress.
Continuing insertion:
- continue to pass the tube until you reach the part with the marking
- secure the nasogastric tube with tape to the cheek.Then proceed to checking of placement.
Checking the placement using "swoosh" method
- the swoosh method is done with the use of syringe. You push a small volume of air down the NGT while listening for the bubbling sound in the epigastric area by a stethoscope.
Checking the placement of NGT using pH paper:
- another method for checking the placement of a nasogastric tube is by aspirating a sample with a 5O ml catheter tip syringe. Test the pH of the aspirate with appropriate pH paper. Gastric contents should have a pH below 4.
Checking the placement of the NGT always take place :
- after initial insertion
- before administering each feed
- before giving medication via the NGT
- following any episode of vomiting or coughing
- if you suspect the nasogastric tube has moved like loose tape or the tube appears longer
Caution:
- if there is any query or doubt about the position of the NGT no feeding or administration of medication should take place
Checking placement using X-ray:
- the most accurate method for confirming the correct placement of NGT is radiography. An x-ray is not required routinely to confirm correct placement. If it is not possible to use swoosh method or to obtain an aspirate or if the pH of the gastric content is above 4 an x-ray is required. If you are unable to see the NGT tip clearly below the diaphragm, do not allow the NGT to be used until the x-ray has been reviewed by an experienced doctor.
Secure the NGT:
- anchor the tube securely to the nose and cheek keeping it out of the patient's field of vision
- correctly dispose of clinical waste and wash your hands
Documentation:
-date and time of procedure
- indication for insertion
- type of tube used
- distance tube inserted if appropriate
- the nature of the aspirate
- method used to check location of the tube insertion
- any procedural comments
Monday, March 22, 2010
ABBREVIATIONS
a - before
AAA - abdominal aortic aneurism
Ab - antibody
abd - abdominal/ abdomen
ABG - arterial blood gas
abx - antibiotic
AC - axiocervical/adrenal cortex
a. c. - ante cebum, before meals
ACE - angiotensin - converting enzyme
ad. lib - ad libitum, as desired
ADL - activities of daily living
(H)AMA- (home) against medical advise
amp - ampule
AP - anterior-posterior
Ax - axillary
Bid - bis in die , twice a day
BM - bowel movement
BMR - basal metabolic rate
BP - blood pressure
BRP - bathroom privileges
BSA - body surface area
BSE - breast self- examination
BUN - blood urea nitrogen
CA - cancer
CAD - coronary artery disease
cal - calorie
cap - capsula ; capsule
CBC - complete blood count
CBI - complete bladder irrigation
c.c., c - cum ; with
cc - which ; chief complaint
CHD - coronary heart disease
CHF - congestive heart failure
CNS - central nervous system
CO2 - carbon dioxide
COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CS - cesarian section
CSF - cerebro spinal fluid
CV - cardiovascular
CVA - cerebrovascular accident
CVP - central venous pressure
DAT - diet as tolerated
dc - discontinue
D&C - dilatation and curettage
e - the
et - and
gtt - gutta ; drop
h.s. - hora somni ; hour of sleep
IM - intramuscular
IV - intravenous
mcgtt - microdrip
Od - omni die ; once a day
OD - oculus dexter; right eye
o.m. - omni mone ; every morning
o.s. - oculus sinister ; lefteye
ou - oculus uterque ; both eyes
p.c. - pod cebum ; aftermeals
p.o. - per orem ; by mouth
prn - pro re nata ; as necessary
qh - quaque hora ; every hour
qid - quater in die ; 4x a day
s.s., s - sine ; without
sc - sub cutein ; subcutaneously
ss - semeis ; 1/2
stat - statim ; immediately
tid - ter in die ; 3x a day
utz - ultrasound
AAA - abdominal aortic aneurism
Ab - antibody
abd - abdominal/ abdomen
ABG - arterial blood gas
abx - antibiotic
AC - axiocervical/adrenal cortex
a. c. - ante cebum, before meals
ACE - angiotensin - converting enzyme
ad. lib - ad libitum, as desired
ADL - activities of daily living
(H)AMA- (home) against medical advise
amp - ampule
AP - anterior-posterior
Ax - axillary
Bid - bis in die , twice a day
BM - bowel movement
BMR - basal metabolic rate
BP - blood pressure
BRP - bathroom privileges
BSA - body surface area
BSE - breast self- examination
BUN - blood urea nitrogen
CA - cancer
CAD - coronary artery disease
cal - calorie
cap - capsula ; capsule
CBC - complete blood count
CBI - complete bladder irrigation
c.c., c - cum ; with
cc - which ; chief complaint
CHD - coronary heart disease
CHF - congestive heart failure
CNS - central nervous system
CO2 - carbon dioxide
COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CS - cesarian section
CSF - cerebro spinal fluid
CV - cardiovascular
CVA - cerebrovascular accident
CVP - central venous pressure
DAT - diet as tolerated
dc - discontinue
D&C - dilatation and curettage
e - the
et - and
gtt - gutta ; drop
h.s. - hora somni ; hour of sleep
IM - intramuscular
IV - intravenous
mcgtt - microdrip
Od - omni die ; once a day
OD - oculus dexter; right eye
o.m. - omni mone ; every morning
o.s. - oculus sinister ; lefteye
ou - oculus uterque ; both eyes
p.c. - pod cebum ; aftermeals
p.o. - per orem ; by mouth
prn - pro re nata ; as necessary
qh - quaque hora ; every hour
qid - quater in die ; 4x a day
s.s., s - sine ; without
sc - sub cutein ; subcutaneously
ss - semeis ; 1/2
stat - statim ; immediately
tid - ter in die ; 3x a day
utz - ultrasound
DRUG
HOSPITAL DRUGS
I. ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS
PARACETAMOL Tablet
(Alvedon 500mg.Tab.)
(Biogesic 500mg Tab.)
Drops and syrups/
(Calpol 100mg drops)
(Calpol 120mg susp.)
(Calpol 6 plus susp.)
(Tempra drops)
(Tempra 125mg syr)
(Tempra 250 mg syr.)
(Napran 100mg drops)
(Napran 125mg syr.)
(Napran 250mg syr.)
(Tempcaire 250mg syr.)
Injectable
(Aeknil 150mg/ml amp.)
(Naprex 150 mg/ml amp.)
Suppository
(Opigesic 125mg supp)
(Opigesic 250mg supp.)
IBUPROFEN
Suspension
(Dolan FP 100mg/5ml susp.)
TRAMADOL HCL/PARACETAMOL
Tablet
(Dolcet 37.5mg /325mg tab.)
TRAMADOL
Injectable
(TDL 50mg amp.)
(Newdorphin 50mg amp.)
(Tramal amp. 50mg/ml.)
(Tramal tab. 50mg.)
Capsule
(TDL 50mg cap.)
ORPENADRINE CITRATE/ PARACETAMOL
Tablet
(Norgesic Forte tab.)
KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE
Injectable
(Ketomed 30mg amp.)
(Kortezor 30mg amp.)
II. NON STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
MEFENAMIC ACID
Tablet
(Dolfenal 500mg tab.)
(Ponstan SF 500mg tab.)
(Mefenax 500mg tab.)
Suspension
(Ponser 50mg/ml susp.)
(Ponstan 50mg/ml susp.)
III. ANTIRHEUMATIC , ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ANALGESICS
ETORICOXIB
Tablet
((Arcoxia 120mg tab.)
CELECOXIB
Capsule
(Celebrex 100mg cap.)
(Celebrex 200mg cap.)
(Celebrex 400mg cap.)
(Celccoxxx 100mg cap.)
(Celccoxx 200mg cap.)
DICLOFENAC SODIUM
Tabblet
(Difenax 50mg tab.)
(Voltaren Forte 50mg tab.)
Injectable
(Voltaren 25mg/ml amp.)
MELOXICAM
Tablet
(Mobic 7.5mg tab.)
(Mobic 15mg tab.)
Melora 7.5mg tab.)
IV. GOUT PREPARATIONS
ALLOPURINOL
Tblet
(Llanol 100mg tab.)
(Llanol 300 mg tab.)
(Allurase 300mg tab.)
V. MINOR TRANQUILIZERS
DIAZEPAM
Tablet
(Valium 5mg tab.)
Injectable
(Valium 10mg/2ml amp.)
VI. HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES
MIDAZOLAM
Injectable
(Dormicum 5mg/ml amp.)
Tablet
(Dormicum 15mg tab.)
PHENOBARBITAL SODIUM
Injectable
(Luminal 130mg/ml amp.)
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HCl
Injectable
(Precedex 100mcg/ml vial)
VII. ANTICONVULSANTS
PHENYTOIN
Capsule
(Dilantin 100mg cap.)
Injectable
(Dilantin 50mg amp.)
PHENOBARBITAL
Tablet
(Rhea Phenobarbital 30mg tab.)
(Rhea Phenobarbital 60mg tab.)
(Rhea Phenobarbital 90mg tab.)
CLONAZEPAM
Tablet
(Rivotril 2mg tab.)
DIVALPROATE
Tablet
(Epival 250mg tab.)
(Depakote 250mg tab.)
(Depakote 500mg tab.)
CARBAMAZEPINE
Tablet
(Tegretol 200mg tab.)
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
Injectable
(Magnesium sulfate vial)
VIII. ANTIPSYCHOTIC
CLOZAPINE
Tablet
(Leponex 25mg tab.)
IX. CNS STIMULANTS AND AGENTS FOR ADHD
CITICOLINE
Capsule
(Zynapse 500mg cap.)
Drops
(Zynapse 100mg drops)
Injectable
(Nicholin 1000mg amp.)
(Zynapse 250mg/4ml amp.)
X. NOOTROPICS AND NEUROTONICS
PIRACETAM
Tablet
(Nootropil 800mg tab.)
(Nootropil 1.2gtab.)
Injectable
(Nootropil 1g amp.)
XI. MUSCLE RELAXANT
EPERISONE HCl
Tablet
(Myonal 50mg tab.)
ATRACURIUM BESYLATE
Injectable
(Tracrium 25mg amp.)
SUCCINYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE
Injectable
(Quelicin 20mg vial)
XII. NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDER DRUGS
NEOSTIGMINE METHYLSULFATE
Injectable
(Prostigmin 0.50mg amp.)
XIII. ANTIPARKINSON DRUGS
BIPERIDEN HCL
Tablet
(Akineton 2mg tab.)
XIV. ANTIVERTIGO DRUGS
BETAHISTINE
Tablet
(Serc 8mg tab.)
(Serc 16mg tab.)
CINNARIZINE
Tablet
(Stugeron 25mg tabb.)
XV. ANTACID AND ANTIULCERANT
ALUMINUM/ MAGNESIUM OH
Suspension
(Maalox susp.)
(Maalox plus susp.)
(Monnax susp.)
OMEPRAZOLE
Capsule
(Acifre 20mg cap.)
(Omepron 20mg cap.)
(Risek 20mg cap.)
(Risek 40mg cap.)
Injectable
(Omepron 40mg vial)
(Risek 40mg vial)
(Lopep 0.40mg vial0
ESOMEPRAZOLE
Tablet
(Nexium 20mg tab.)
Injectable
(Nexium 40mg vial)
PANTOPRAZONE SODIUM
Tablet
(Pantoloc 20mg tab.)
(Pantoloc 40mg tab.)
Injectable
(Pantoloc 40mg vial)
REBAMIPIDE
Tablet
(Mucosta 100mg tab.)
RANITIDINE
Tablet
(Raxide 150mg tab.)
Injectable
(Raxide 25mg/2ml amp.)
(Ulcin 25mg/2ml amp.)
XVI. GIT REGULATORS, ANTIFLATULENTS
DOMPERIDONE
Tablet
(Motilium 10mg tab.)
(Toridon 10mg tab.)
PANCREATINE + DIMETHICONE
Tablet
(Pankreoflat tab.)
SIMETHICONE
Tablet
(Disflatyl 40mg tab.)
METOCLOPRAMIDE
Tablet
(Plasil 10mg tab.)
(Plasil 10mg/2ml amp.)
XVII. ANTISPASMODICS
HYOSCINE-N BUTYLBROMIDE
Tablet
(Ascopen 10mg tab.)
(Buscopan 10mg tab.)
Injectables
(Ascopen amp.20mg/ml)
(Buscopan amp. 20mg./ml)
MEBEVERINE HCl
Tablet
(Duspatalin 100mg tab.)
DICYCLOVERINE HCl
Drops and Syrups
(Relestal 5mg drops)
(Relestal 10mg syr.)
ATROPINE SULFATE
Injectable
(Atropine Sulfate 1mg amp.)
XVIII. ANTIDIARRHEALS
NIFUROXADINE
Capsule
(Ercefuryl 200mg cap.)
Suspension
(Ercefuryl 220mg susp.)
BACILLUS CLAUSII
Suspension
(Erceflora susp.)
PROBIOTIC
Capsule
(Omx cap.)
LOPERAMIDE HCl
Tablet/capsule
(Lomotil 2mg tab.)
(Lormide 2mg cap.)
XIX. CHOLAGOGUES, CHOLELITHOLYTICS & HEPATIC PROTECTORS
CARNITINE OROTATE
Capsule
(Godex cap.)
(Livesil cap.)
XX. LAXATIVES/ PURGATIVES
BISACODYL
Tablet
(Dulcolax 5mg tab.)
Suppository
(Dulcolax 10mg supp.)
LACTULOSE
Syrup
(Duphalac 3.3g syr.)
(Lilac 3.3g syr.) 60ml
(Lilac 3.3g syr.) 120ml
STANDARDIZED SENNA CONC.
Tablet
(Senokot 187mg tab.)
XXI. LAXATIVES/ PURGATIVES
MONOBASIC SOD.PO4
Solution
(Phospho-soda soln.)
(Fleet enema)
GLYCERIN
Suppository
(Rhea Glycerin Pedia supp.)
XXII. CARDIAC DRUGS
DOPAMINE
Injectable
(Abbott Dopamine HCl 200mg vial)
(Abbott Dopamine/ Kardex Dopamine amp.)
L-CARNITINE
Tablet
(Carnicor 330mg tab.)
DOBUTAMINE
Injectable
(Dobuject 250mg/ml amp.)
DIGOXIN
Tablet
(Lanoxin 0.25mg tab.)
Injectable
(Lanoxin 0.25mg/ml amp.)
EPINEPHRINE HCl
Injectable
(Epinephrine 1mg amp.)
IVABRADINE
Tablet
(Coralan 5mg tab.)
(Coralan 7.5mg tab.)
AMIODARONE HCl
Tablet
(Cordarone 200mg tab.)
(Anoion tab.)
Injectable
(Cordarone 150mg amp.)
ADENOSINE
Injectable
(Cardiovert 6mg vial)
STREPTOKINASE
Infusion
(Streptokinase vial)
XXIII. ANTI-ANGINAL DRUGS
NITROGLYCERIN
Patch
(Deponit NT 5 5mg patch)
ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE
Tablet
(Imdur 60mg Durule)
(Schwarz ISMN 600mg tab.)
ISOSORBIDE DINITRITE
Tablet
(Isoket 5mg tab.)
(Isoket 10mg tab.)
(Isordil 5mg tab.)
(Isordil 10mg tab.)
(Isordil SL 5mg tab.)
(Isordil SL 10mg tab.)
Injectable
(Isoket 10mg amp.)
AMLODIPINE BESILATE
Tablet
(Amvasc 5mg tab./ Amvasc 10mg tab.)
(Norvasc 5mg tab.)
(Norvasc 10mg tab.)
FELODIPINE
Tablet
(Plendil ER 5mg tab.)
(Plendil ER 10mg tab.)
TRIMETAZIDINE
Tablet
(Vastarel MR 35mg tab.)
(Vestar MR 35mg tab.)
XXIV. ACE INHIBITORS
IMIDAPRIL HCl
Tablet
(Vascor 5mg tab.)
(Vascor 10mg tab.)
IMIDAPRIL/ HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Tablet
(Vascoride 10/12.5mg tab.)
CAPTOPRIL
Tablet
(Prelat 25mg ttab.)
(Captace 25mg tab.)
PERINDOPRIL
Tablet
(Coversyl 5mg tab.)
(Coversyl 10mg tab.)
XXV. BETA-BLOCKERS
METOPROLOL TARTRATE
Tablet
(Neobloc 50mg tab.)
(Neobloc 100mg tab.)
(Betaloc 50mg tab.)
(Betaloc 100mg tab.)
PROPRANOLOL HCl
Tablet
(Inderal 10mg tab.)
XXVI. CALCIUM ANATAGONISTS
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE
Tablet
(Norvasc 5mg tab.)
(Norvasc 10mg tab.)
AMLODIPINE CAMSYLATE
Tablet
(Amvasc 5mg tab.)
(Amvasc 10mg tab.)
FELODIPINE
Tablet
(Plendil ER 5mg tab.)
(Versant - XR 5mg tab.)
LACIDIPINE
Tablet
(Lacipil 2mg tab.)
(Lacipil 4mg tab.)
NICARDIPINE
Injectable
(Cardepine 2mg/2ml amp.)
(Cardepine 10mg/ml amp.)
(Perdipine 2mg inj.)
VERAPAMIL
Tablet
(Isoptin 40mg tab.)
(Isoptin 80mg tab.)
(Isoptin SR 180mg tab.)
(Isoptin 240mg tab.)
(Isoptin 5mg/2ml amp.)
XXVII. ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONIST
TELMISARTAN
Tablet
(Micardis 40mg tab.)
(Pritor 40mg tab.)
TELMISARTAN/ HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Tablet
(Micardis Plus 4omg tab.)
(Pritor Plus 40mg tab.)
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL
Tablet
(Olmetec 40mg tab.)
IRBESARTAN
Tablet
(Aprovel 150mg tab.)
IRBESARTAN/ HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Tablet
(Co-Aprovel 150mg tab.)
CANDESARTAN
Tablet
(Blopress 8mg tab.)
(Blopress 16mg tab.)
LOSARTAN POTASSIUM
Tablet
(Combizar 50mg/100mg tab.)
(Lifezar 50mg/100mg tab.)
(Angisartan 50mg tab.)
XXVIII. ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONIST
LOSARTAN/ HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Tablet
(Combizar 50mg/100mg tab.)
(Hyzaar 50mg/100mg tab.)
XXIX. OTHER ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
SPIRONOLACTONE
Tablet
(Aldactone 25mg tab.)
(Aldazide 25mg/2.5mg tab.)
METHYLDOPA
Tablet
(Aldomet 250mg tab.)
HYDRALAZINE HCl
Tablet
(Apresoline 25mg tab.)
Injectable
(Hydralazine 20mg amp.)
CLONIDINE
Tablet
(Catapres 75mcg tab.)
(Catapres 150mcg tab.)
Injectable
(Catapres 150mcg/ml amp.)
ALESKERIN
Tablet
(Razeles tab.)
XXX. DIURETICS
SPIRONOLACTONE
Tablet
(Aldactone 25mg tab.)
(Aldactone 50mg tab.)
(Aldazide 25mg/2.5mg tab.)
FUROSEMIDE
Tablet
(Lasix 40mg tab.)
(Injectable)
(Fretic 10mg/ml amp.)
(Lasix 20mg amp.)
XXXI. ALPHA INHIBITORS
TERAZZOCIN
Tablet
(Lotencin 2mg tab.)
(Hytrin 2mg tab.)
XXXII. PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS AND CEREBRAL ACTIVATORS
ISOXSUPRINE HCl
Tablet
(Duvadilan 10mg tab.)
(Duvadilan 10mg amp.)
(Isoxilan 10mg/2ml amp.)
CINNARIZINE
Tablet
(Stugeron 25mg tab.)
GINKGO BILOBA
Tablet
(Tebokan tab.)
ALMITRINE BISMESYLATE
Tablet
(Duxaril tab.)
XXXIII. VASOCONSTRICTORS
NORADRENALINE BITARTRATE
Injectable
(Levophed 1mg/ml amp.)
XXXIV. HAEMOSTATICS
PHYTOMENADIONE
Injectable
(Hema-K 10mg/ml amp.)
TRANEXAMIC ACID
Capsule
(Hemostan 500mg cap.)
Injectable
(Hemostan 500mg amp.)
XXXV. ANTICOAGULANTS, ANTITHROMBOTICS AND FIBRINOLYTICS
ASPIRIN
Tablet
(Aspilets 80mg tab.)
(Anthrom 100mg tab.)
(Aspec-EC 100mg tab.)
HEPARIN
Injectable
(Leo Heparin Sodium 5000M vial)
Arixtra inj.)
CLOPIDOGREL
Tablet
(Plavix 75mg tab.)
(Therapharma Clopidogrel tab.)
CILOSTAZOL
Tablet
(Clazol 50mgtab.)
(Thrombocil 50mg tab.)
(Pietaal 50mg tab.)
STREPTOKINASE
Infusion
(Streptokinase vial)
SULODEXIDE
Injectable
(Vessel Due-F 300LSU/ml)
Capsule
(Vessel Due-F 250LSU)
XXXVI.
ANTIASTHMATIC & COPD PREPARATIONS
FENOTEROL HBR/ IPRATROPIUM BR
Nebule
(Berodual F UDV neb.)
BUDESONIDE
Nebule
(Bronex 250mcg neb.)
(Asmavent Pulmoneb 250mcg)
(Budecort Resp. neb.)
GUIAAFENESIN/ TERBUTALINE SO4
Syrup
(Bricanyl Expectorant syr.)
GUAIAFENESIN/ SALBUTAMOL
Syrup
(Broncaire Expectorant syr.)
(Ventar Expectorant syr.)
(Pediavent 50mg syr.)
IPRATROPIUM/ SALBUTAMOL
Nebule
(Combivent neb.)
(Duavent Pulmoneb)
THEOPHYLLINE
Tablet
(Nuelin 125mg tab.)
Syrup
(Nuelin 125mg syr.)
SALBUTAMOL
Nebule
(Hivent neb.)
(Ventolin neb.)
Syrup
(Ventar 2mg syr.)
(Ventolin Expectorant syr.)
(Ventolinn syr.)
(Efamed ssyr.)
KETOTIFEN
Drops / Syrup
(Zaditen drops)
(Zaditen syr.)
TERBUTALINE SO4
Syrup
(Bricanyl Expectorant syr.)
Nebule
(Bricanyl 2.5mg neb.)
XXXVII. COUGH AND COLD REMEDIES
LEVODROPROPIZINE
Syrup
(Levopront 30mg syr.) 60ml.
CYCLIDROL
Capsule
(Mucoflux 100mg cap.)
AMBROXOL
Tablet / Capsule
(Zobrixol 30mg tab.)
(Zobrixol 75mg cap.)
(Mucosolvan 75mg tab.)
Drops/Syrup
(Zobrixol drops)
(Zobrixol syrup)
Injectable
(Mucosolvan 15mg amp.)
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE
Syrup
(Zeditapp syr.)
(Pediatapp syr.)
Tablet / Capsule
(Zeditapp tab.)
(Nasathera cap.)
PHENYLEPHRINE
Syrup
(Disudrin drops)
(Snizee drops)
(Snizee syr.)
ACETYLCYSTEINE
Tablet
(Fluimucil 600mg tab.)
Granules
(Fluimucil 100mg granules)
(Fluimucil 200mg granules)
ERDOSTEINE
Syrup
(Zertin sup.)
XXXVIII. ANTIBIOTICS
1. AMINOGLYCOSIDES
GENTAMICIN SULFATE
Injectable
(Gentacor 40mg amp.)
AMIKACIN SULFATE
Injectable
(Amikin 100mg vial)
(Amikin 250mg vial)
(Nica 200mg vial)
(Nica 500mg vial)
(Cidadid 250mg amp.)
2. CEPHALOSPORINS
First Generation
CEFALEXIN MONOHYDRATE
Capsule
(Forexine 500mg cap.)
(RM Cefalexin 500mg cap.)
Suspensions
(Airex drops)
(Airex 250mg susp.)
(Forexine 250mg susp.)
CEFAZOLIN
Injectable
(Stancel 1g vial)
Second Generation
CEFUROXIME
Capsule
(Zegen 500mg cap.)
(Kefsyn 250mg cap.)
(Kefsyn 500mg cap.)
(Zinnat 250mg tab.)
(Zoltax tab. 500mg)
Suspension
(Zinnat 125mg susp.)
(Zinnat 250mg susp.)
Injectable
(Zegen 750mg vial)
(Profurex 750mg vial)
(Zinacef 750mg vial)
(Infekor 750mg vial)
CEFACLOR
Suspension
(Xelent drops)
(Xelent 125mgsusp.)
(Xelent 250mg susp.)
(Ceclobid 250mg susp.)
(Lorcef 250mg susp.)
Third Generation
CEFTAZIDIME
Injectable
(Zeptrigen500mg vial)
(Zeptrigen 1g vial)
(Fortum 500mg vial)
(Fortum 1g vial)
CETRIAXONE
Injectable
(Forgram 1g vial)
(Forgram 500mg vial)
(Rocephin 500mg vial)
(Rocephin 1g vial)
(Roxon 250mg vial)
(Torocef 1g vial)
(Retrokor 1g vial)
(Recephin 1g vial)
CEFIXIME
Capsule
(Tergecef 100mg cap.)
(Tergecef 200mg cap.)
(Zefral100mg cap.)
(Zefral 200mg cap.)
Suspension
(Tergecef 20mg/ml susp.)
(Ultraxime 20mg/ml susp.)
CEFOPERAZONE Na/ SULBACTAM
Injectable
(Sulperazone 1.5g vial)
Fourth Generation
CEFEPIME
Injectable
(Sanpime 1g vial)
(Cepimax 500mg vial)
(Cepimax 1g vial)
(Cepimax 2g vial)
3. MACROLIDES
CLARITHROMYCIN
Tablet
(Klaricid OD 500mg tab.)
Suspension
(Klaricid 125mg Pedia susp.) 50ml
(Klaricid 250mg Pedia susp.) 50ml
(Klaz 125mg Pedia susp.)
JOSAMYCIN
Tablet
(Josamycin 200mg tab.)
ZITHROMYCIN DIHYDRATE
Tablet
(Zithromax 500mg tab.)
Suspension
(Zithromax 200mg susp.)
4. PENICILLINS
CLAVULANIC ACID/AMOXICILLIN
Tablet
(Amoclav 625mg tab.)
(Natravox 625 mgtab.)
(Augmentin 625mg tab.)
(Augmentin 1g tab.)
CLAVULANIC / AMOXICILLIN
Suspension
(Natravox 312.5mg susp.)
(Augmentin DS 312.5mg susp.)
(Augmentin 457mg susp.)
(Sullivan 125mg/31.25mg susp.)
(Sullivan 250mg/62.5mg susp.)
Injectable
(Amoclav 1.2g vial)
AMPICILLIN TRIHYDRATE
Injectable
(Ampicin 250mg vial)
(Ampicin 500mg vial)
(Ampicillin 250mg vial)
(Ampicillin 500mg vial)
AMOXICILLIN TRIHYDRATE
Capsule
(RM Amoxicillin 500mg cap.)
(Himox 500mg cap.)
Injectable
(Amoxicillin 250mg vial)
(Amoxicillin 500mg vial)
FLUCLOXACILLIN
Capsule
(Stafloxin 500mg cap.)
Suspension
(Stafloxin 500mg susp.)
Injectable
(Stafloxin 500mg vial)
OXACILLIN
Injectable
(Wydox 500mg vial)
CLOXACILLIN
Capsule
(RM Cloxacillin 500mg cap.)
PIPERACILLIN / SULBACTAM
Imjectable
(Tazocin 2.25g vial)
(Tazocin 4.5g vial)
(Vigocid 2.5g vial)
(Vigocid 4.5g vial)
(Piptaz 4.5g vial)
(Peprasan-T 4.5g vial)
SULBACTAM/ AMPICILLIN
Injectable
(Unasyn 750mg vial)
(Unasyn 1.5g vial)
SULBACTAM/ AMOXICILLIN
Suspension
(Ultramox 500mg susp.)
ERYTHROMYCIN
Suspension
(Erycar 200mg susp.)
(Erycar 400mg susp.)
5. OTHER BETA-LACTAMS
IMIPENEM/ CILASTATIN
Injectable
(Anipen 500mg vial)
(Tienam 500mg vial)
MEROPENEM TRIHYDRATE
Injectable
(Meronem 500mg vial)
(Meronem 1g vial)
(Meromax vial)
6. QUINOLONES
OFLOXACIN
Tablet
(Inoflox 200mg tab.)
(Inoflox 400mg tab.)
CIPROFLOXACIN
Tablet
(Ciprotor 500mg tab.)
(Xipro 500mg tab.)
(Ciprobay XR 1g tab.)
Injectable
(Quilox 2mg/ml vial)
(Ciprobay 2mg/ml vial)
LEVOFLOXACIN
Tablet
(Levox 500mg tab.)
(Pravox 500mg tab.)
Injectable
(Levox 5mg/ml vial)
7. CHLORAMPHENICOLS
CHLORAMPENICOL
Capsule
(Anpheclor 500mg cap.)
(Chloromycetin 500mg cap.)
Injectables
(Anphector 1g vial)
(Chloromycetin 500mg vial)
(Chloromycetin 1g vial)
Suspension
(Chlorocaire 125mg susp,)
(Anphector 125mg susp.)
8. ANTIBACTERIAL COMBINATIONS
COTRIMOXAZOLE
Tablet
(Globaxol 800mg tab.)
Suspension
(Globaxol 200mg susp.)
(Globaxol 400mg susp.)
(Pediatrim 200mg susp.)
(Pediatrim DS 400mg susp.)
(Zolmed 200mg susp.)
(Zolmed 400mg susp.)
9. OTHER ANTIBIOTICS
METRONIDAZOLE
Tablet
(Flagyl 500mg tab.)
(Dazomet 500mg tab.)
Infusion
(Flagyl 500mg vial)
(Metrinox 500mg vial)
(Dazomet 500mg vial)
CLINDAMYCIN
Capsule
(Clindal 300mg cap.)
Injectable
(Tidact 150mg vial)
XXXIX. ANTIVIRALS
METHISOPRINOL
Tablet
(Isoprinosine 500mg tab.)
Syrup
(Isoprinosine 250mg syr.)
ACICLOVIR (For Adult)
(For H1N1)
Tablet
(Klozivex 800mg tab.)
XL. ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
INSULIN
Injectable
(Humulin R vial)
(Humulin N vial)
(Lantus vial)
GLICLAZIDE
Tablet
(Diamicron MR 30mg tab.)
(Gluconil 80mg tab.)
METFORMIN
Tablet
(Glucophage 500mg tab.)
(Fornidd 500mg tab.)
(Neoform 500mg tab.)
(Glumet 500mg tab.)
GLIMEPIRIDE
Tablet
(Norizec 1mg , 2mg tab.)
(Sclosa 1mg , 2mg tab.)
(Getryl 1mg , 2mg, 3mg tab.)
PIOGLITAZONE HCl
Tablet
(Actos 15mg tab.)
(Actos 30mg tab.)
(Prialta 15mg, 30mg, 45 mg tab.)
XLI. ANTIHYPERLIPIDAEMIC AGENTS
ROSUVASTATIN Ca
Tablet
(Crestor 10mg tab.)
SIMVASTATIN
Tablet
(Vidastat 40mg, 80mg tab.)
(Zocor 10mg, 20mg, 40mg, 80mg tab.)
ATORVASTATIN
Tablet
(Lipitor 10mg, 20mg, 40mg, 80mg tab.)
XLII. ANTI-ALLERGY
HYDROXYZINE
Tablet
(Iterax 10mg tab.)
(Iterax 25mg tab.)
CETIRIZINE
Tablet
(Alnix 10mg tab.)
(Virlix 10mg tab.)
Syrup
(Alnix drops)
(Alnix 5mg syr.)
(Virlix 5mg syr.)
DESLORATADINE
Tablet
(Aerius 5mg tab.)
EBASTINE
Tablet
(Aleva 10mg ,20mg tab.)
LORATADINE
Tablet
(Claritin 10mg tab.)
PROMETHAZINE
Injectable
(Promethazine amp.)
DIPHENHYDRAMINE
Injectable
(Diphenhydramine amp.)
Capsule
(Benadryl 25mg cap.)
CHLORPHENAMINE
Injectable
(Antamin 10mg amp.)
XLIII. CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES
HYDROCORTISONE
Injectable
(Solu Cortef 100mg vial)
(Solu Cortef 250mg vial)
DEXAMETHASONE
Injectable
(Dexticort 5mg vial)
PREDNISONE
Syrup and Suspension
(Ortipred 20mg syr.)
(Pred 10mg susp.)
METHYLPREDNISOLONE
Tablet
(Medrol 8mg tab.)
(Medrol 16mg tab.)
XLIV. DRUGS ACTING ON THE UTERUS
METHYLERGOMETRINE MALEATE
Tablet
(Methergin 125mcg tab.)
(Usamema 125mcg tab.)
Injectable
(Methergin 200mcg amp.)
SYNTHETIC OXYTOCIN
Injectable
(Syntocinon 10IU amp.)
XLV. ESTROGENS & PROGESTERONES
DYDROGESTERONE
Tablet
(Duphaston tab.)
XLVI. VACCINES
PURIFIED CHICK EMBRYO CELL RABIES VACCINE
Injectable
(Rabipur vial)
(Verorab vial)
TETANUS TOXOID
Injectable
(Anatetall amp.)
(Tetanus toxoid)
ANTI-TETANUS SERUM
Injectable
(ATS 1,500 IU amp.)
(ATS 3,000 IU amp.)
(ATS 5,000 IU amp.)
HUMAN IG TETANUS
Injectable
(Tetagram 250 IU inj.)
XLVII. ANAESTHETICS - LOCAL AND GENERAL
SEVOFLURANE
Liquid
(Sevorane 250ml)
ISOFLURANE
Solution
(Forane 100ml)
HALOTHANE
Liquid
(Halothane 250ml)
BUPIVACAINE HCl
Injectable
(Hospira Bupivacaine 8% inj.)
(Marcaine 0.5% inj.)
PONTOCAINE
Injectable
(Pontocaine 20mg amp.)
PROPOFOL
Injectable
(Propofol 20mg vial)
KETAMINE
Injectable
(Ketamine 500mg vial)
PETHIDINE
Injectable
(Demerol 50mg vial)
LIDOCAINE HCl
Injectable
(Cathejell gel)
(Lidocaine HCl 20mg sol'n.)
XLVIII. APPETITE ENHANCERS
DIBENCOZIDE
Capsule
(Heraclene 1mg cap.)
XLIX. MEDICATED SURGICAL DRESSINGS
SODIUM FUSIDATE
Intertulle
(Fucidin intertulle)
L. HAEMATOPOIETIC AGENTS
EPOETIN BETA
Injection
(Recormon 5,000 IU)
EPOETIN ALPHA
Injection
(Renogen vl. 4000 IU)
LI. MULTIVITAMINS
BETALIFE cap. FERROPLEX tab.
ENER-A PLUS drops 30ml IBERET-FOLIC tab.
ENER-A PLUS syrup 120ml BENUTREX-C amp.
E-ZINC syrup BIOZINC syrup
E-ZINC drops BIOZINC drops
NUTRICARE drops CALVIT tab.
NUTRICARE syrup TRIBIMIN amp.
SORBIFER DURULES RM ASCORBIC ACID 500mg tab.
LII. PARENTERAL NUTRITION
AMINOLEBAN granules
AMINOLEBAN infusion
AMINOGEN infusion
NEPHROSTERIL infusion
VAMIN - glucose
LIII. OTHERS
CALCIUM GLUCONATE vial
SODIUM BICARBONATE 650mg tab.
SODIUM BICARBONATE amp.
KALIMATE sachet 5g
ACALKA tab.
HYPERTONIC SALINE solution
SODIUM CHLORIDE tab.
KALIUM DURULES tab.
BACTIDOL 120ml
SLOW MOVING MEDICINES :
1. Versant XR (Felodipine) 5mg tab -ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
2. Ascopen (Hyoscine-N-Butyl-Bromide) 10mg tab.- ANTISPASMODIC
3. Topamax (Topiramate) 25mg tab.- ANTI-EPILEPSY
4. Ganaton (Itopride HCl) 50mg tab.- ANTI-DYSPEPSIA
5. Lipitor (Atorvastatin) 20mg- ANTI-CHOLESTEROL
6. Aldazide (Spironolactone + HCTZ) 25/2.5mg tab.)- ANTI-HTN/ DIURETIC
7. Nutricare Drops - MULTIVITAMIN
8. Pravox (Levofloxacin) 500mg tab. - ANTIBIOTIC
9. Heraclene (Dibencozide) 1mg tab.- APPETITE STIMULANT
10. Klaricid (Clarithromycin) 250mg susp.- ANTIBIOTIC
11. Myrin (Ethambutol/ Rifampicin/ Isoniazid) 300/150/75mg tab.- ANTI-TB
12. Euglucon (Glibenclamide) 5mg tab.- ANTIDIABETIC
13. Vascor (Imidapril) 5mg tab.- ANTIHYERTENSIVE
14. Apresoline (Hydralazine) 25mg tab. - ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
15. Thorazine (Chlorpromazine) 25mg tab.- ANTIPSYCHOTIC
16. Actos (Pioglitazone) 15mg tab.- ANTIDIABETIC
17. Inoflox (Ofloxacin) 400mg tab.- ANTIBIOTIC
18. Ciprobay (Ciprofloxacin) 100mg vial - ANTIBIOTIC
19. Dabrin (Dexamethasone) 4mg vial- CORTICOSTEROID
20. Gastrin (Hyoscine-N-Butyl-Bromide) 20mg vial-ANTISPASMODIC
I. ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS
PARACETAMOL Tablet
(Alvedon 500mg.Tab.)
(Biogesic 500mg Tab.)
Drops and syrups/
(Calpol 100mg drops)
(Calpol 120mg susp.)
(Calpol 6 plus susp.)
(Tempra drops)
(Tempra 125mg syr)
(Tempra 250 mg syr.)
(Napran 100mg drops)
(Napran 125mg syr.)
(Napran 250mg syr.)
(Tempcaire 250mg syr.)
Injectable
(Aeknil 150mg/ml amp.)
(Naprex 150 mg/ml amp.)
Suppository
(Opigesic 125mg supp)
(Opigesic 250mg supp.)
IBUPROFEN
Suspension
(Dolan FP 100mg/5ml susp.)
TRAMADOL HCL/PARACETAMOL
Tablet
(Dolcet 37.5mg /325mg tab.)
TRAMADOL
Injectable
(TDL 50mg amp.)
(Newdorphin 50mg amp.)
(Tramal amp. 50mg/ml.)
(Tramal tab. 50mg.)
Capsule
(TDL 50mg cap.)
ORPENADRINE CITRATE/ PARACETAMOL
Tablet
(Norgesic Forte tab.)
KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE
Injectable
(Ketomed 30mg amp.)
(Kortezor 30mg amp.)
II. NON STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
MEFENAMIC ACID
Tablet
(Dolfenal 500mg tab.)
(Ponstan SF 500mg tab.)
(Mefenax 500mg tab.)
Suspension
(Ponser 50mg/ml susp.)
(Ponstan 50mg/ml susp.)
III. ANTIRHEUMATIC , ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ANALGESICS
ETORICOXIB
Tablet
((Arcoxia 120mg tab.)
CELECOXIB
Capsule
(Celebrex 100mg cap.)
(Celebrex 200mg cap.)
(Celebrex 400mg cap.)
(Celccoxxx 100mg cap.)
(Celccoxx 200mg cap.)
DICLOFENAC SODIUM
Tabblet
(Difenax 50mg tab.)
(Voltaren Forte 50mg tab.)
Injectable
(Voltaren 25mg/ml amp.)
MELOXICAM
Tablet
(Mobic 7.5mg tab.)
(Mobic 15mg tab.)
Melora 7.5mg tab.)
IV. GOUT PREPARATIONS
ALLOPURINOL
Tblet
(Llanol 100mg tab.)
(Llanol 300 mg tab.)
(Allurase 300mg tab.)
V. MINOR TRANQUILIZERS
DIAZEPAM
Tablet
(Valium 5mg tab.)
Injectable
(Valium 10mg/2ml amp.)
VI. HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES
MIDAZOLAM
Injectable
(Dormicum 5mg/ml amp.)
Tablet
(Dormicum 15mg tab.)
PHENOBARBITAL SODIUM
Injectable
(Luminal 130mg/ml amp.)
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HCl
Injectable
(Precedex 100mcg/ml vial)
VII. ANTICONVULSANTS
PHENYTOIN
Capsule
(Dilantin 100mg cap.)
Injectable
(Dilantin 50mg amp.)
PHENOBARBITAL
Tablet
(Rhea Phenobarbital 30mg tab.)
(Rhea Phenobarbital 60mg tab.)
(Rhea Phenobarbital 90mg tab.)
CLONAZEPAM
Tablet
(Rivotril 2mg tab.)
DIVALPROATE
Tablet
(Epival 250mg tab.)
(Depakote 250mg tab.)
(Depakote 500mg tab.)
CARBAMAZEPINE
Tablet
(Tegretol 200mg tab.)
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
Injectable
(Magnesium sulfate vial)
VIII. ANTIPSYCHOTIC
CLOZAPINE
Tablet
(Leponex 25mg tab.)
IX. CNS STIMULANTS AND AGENTS FOR ADHD
CITICOLINE
Capsule
(Zynapse 500mg cap.)
Drops
(Zynapse 100mg drops)
Injectable
(Nicholin 1000mg amp.)
(Zynapse 250mg/4ml amp.)
X. NOOTROPICS AND NEUROTONICS
PIRACETAM
Tablet
(Nootropil 800mg tab.)
(Nootropil 1.2gtab.)
Injectable
(Nootropil 1g amp.)
XI. MUSCLE RELAXANT
EPERISONE HCl
Tablet
(Myonal 50mg tab.)
ATRACURIUM BESYLATE
Injectable
(Tracrium 25mg amp.)
SUCCINYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE
Injectable
(Quelicin 20mg vial)
XII. NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDER DRUGS
NEOSTIGMINE METHYLSULFATE
Injectable
(Prostigmin 0.50mg amp.)
XIII. ANTIPARKINSON DRUGS
BIPERIDEN HCL
Tablet
(Akineton 2mg tab.)
XIV. ANTIVERTIGO DRUGS
BETAHISTINE
Tablet
(Serc 8mg tab.)
(Serc 16mg tab.)
CINNARIZINE
Tablet
(Stugeron 25mg tabb.)
XV. ANTACID AND ANTIULCERANT
ALUMINUM/ MAGNESIUM OH
Suspension
(Maalox susp.)
(Maalox plus susp.)
(Monnax susp.)
OMEPRAZOLE
Capsule
(Acifre 20mg cap.)
(Omepron 20mg cap.)
(Risek 20mg cap.)
(Risek 40mg cap.)
Injectable
(Omepron 40mg vial)
(Risek 40mg vial)
(Lopep 0.40mg vial0
ESOMEPRAZOLE
Tablet
(Nexium 20mg tab.)
Injectable
(Nexium 40mg vial)
PANTOPRAZONE SODIUM
Tablet
(Pantoloc 20mg tab.)
(Pantoloc 40mg tab.)
Injectable
(Pantoloc 40mg vial)
REBAMIPIDE
Tablet
(Mucosta 100mg tab.)
RANITIDINE
Tablet
(Raxide 150mg tab.)
Injectable
(Raxide 25mg/2ml amp.)
(Ulcin 25mg/2ml amp.)
XVI. GIT REGULATORS, ANTIFLATULENTS
DOMPERIDONE
Tablet
(Motilium 10mg tab.)
(Toridon 10mg tab.)
PANCREATINE + DIMETHICONE
Tablet
(Pankreoflat tab.)
SIMETHICONE
Tablet
(Disflatyl 40mg tab.)
METOCLOPRAMIDE
Tablet
(Plasil 10mg tab.)
(Plasil 10mg/2ml amp.)
XVII. ANTISPASMODICS
HYOSCINE-N BUTYLBROMIDE
Tablet
(Ascopen 10mg tab.)
(Buscopan 10mg tab.)
Injectables
(Ascopen amp.20mg/ml)
(Buscopan amp. 20mg./ml)
MEBEVERINE HCl
Tablet
(Duspatalin 100mg tab.)
DICYCLOVERINE HCl
Drops and Syrups
(Relestal 5mg drops)
(Relestal 10mg syr.)
ATROPINE SULFATE
Injectable
(Atropine Sulfate 1mg amp.)
XVIII. ANTIDIARRHEALS
NIFUROXADINE
Capsule
(Ercefuryl 200mg cap.)
Suspension
(Ercefuryl 220mg susp.)
BACILLUS CLAUSII
Suspension
(Erceflora susp.)
PROBIOTIC
Capsule
(Omx cap.)
LOPERAMIDE HCl
Tablet/capsule
(Lomotil 2mg tab.)
(Lormide 2mg cap.)
XIX. CHOLAGOGUES, CHOLELITHOLYTICS & HEPATIC PROTECTORS
CARNITINE OROTATE
Capsule
(Godex cap.)
(Livesil cap.)
XX. LAXATIVES/ PURGATIVES
BISACODYL
Tablet
(Dulcolax 5mg tab.)
Suppository
(Dulcolax 10mg supp.)
LACTULOSE
Syrup
(Duphalac 3.3g syr.)
(Lilac 3.3g syr.) 60ml
(Lilac 3.3g syr.) 120ml
STANDARDIZED SENNA CONC.
Tablet
(Senokot 187mg tab.)
XXI. LAXATIVES/ PURGATIVES
MONOBASIC SOD.PO4
Solution
(Phospho-soda soln.)
(Fleet enema)
GLYCERIN
Suppository
(Rhea Glycerin Pedia supp.)
XXII. CARDIAC DRUGS
DOPAMINE
Injectable
(Abbott Dopamine HCl 200mg vial)
(Abbott Dopamine/ Kardex Dopamine amp.)
L-CARNITINE
Tablet
(Carnicor 330mg tab.)
DOBUTAMINE
Injectable
(Dobuject 250mg/ml amp.)
DIGOXIN
Tablet
(Lanoxin 0.25mg tab.)
Injectable
(Lanoxin 0.25mg/ml amp.)
EPINEPHRINE HCl
Injectable
(Epinephrine 1mg amp.)
IVABRADINE
Tablet
(Coralan 5mg tab.)
(Coralan 7.5mg tab.)
AMIODARONE HCl
Tablet
(Cordarone 200mg tab.)
(Anoion tab.)
Injectable
(Cordarone 150mg amp.)
ADENOSINE
Injectable
(Cardiovert 6mg vial)
STREPTOKINASE
Infusion
(Streptokinase vial)
XXIII. ANTI-ANGINAL DRUGS
NITROGLYCERIN
Patch
(Deponit NT 5 5mg patch)
ISOSORBIDE MONONITRATE
Tablet
(Imdur 60mg Durule)
(Schwarz ISMN 600mg tab.)
ISOSORBIDE DINITRITE
Tablet
(Isoket 5mg tab.)
(Isoket 10mg tab.)
(Isordil 5mg tab.)
(Isordil 10mg tab.)
(Isordil SL 5mg tab.)
(Isordil SL 10mg tab.)
Injectable
(Isoket 10mg amp.)
AMLODIPINE BESILATE
Tablet
(Amvasc 5mg tab./ Amvasc 10mg tab.)
(Norvasc 5mg tab.)
(Norvasc 10mg tab.)
FELODIPINE
Tablet
(Plendil ER 5mg tab.)
(Plendil ER 10mg tab.)
TRIMETAZIDINE
Tablet
(Vastarel MR 35mg tab.)
(Vestar MR 35mg tab.)
XXIV. ACE INHIBITORS
IMIDAPRIL HCl
Tablet
(Vascor 5mg tab.)
(Vascor 10mg tab.)
IMIDAPRIL/ HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Tablet
(Vascoride 10/12.5mg tab.)
CAPTOPRIL
Tablet
(Prelat 25mg ttab.)
(Captace 25mg tab.)
PERINDOPRIL
Tablet
(Coversyl 5mg tab.)
(Coversyl 10mg tab.)
XXV. BETA-BLOCKERS
METOPROLOL TARTRATE
Tablet
(Neobloc 50mg tab.)
(Neobloc 100mg tab.)
(Betaloc 50mg tab.)
(Betaloc 100mg tab.)
PROPRANOLOL HCl
Tablet
(Inderal 10mg tab.)
XXVI. CALCIUM ANATAGONISTS
AMLODIPINE BESYLATE
Tablet
(Norvasc 5mg tab.)
(Norvasc 10mg tab.)
AMLODIPINE CAMSYLATE
Tablet
(Amvasc 5mg tab.)
(Amvasc 10mg tab.)
FELODIPINE
Tablet
(Plendil ER 5mg tab.)
(Versant - XR 5mg tab.)
LACIDIPINE
Tablet
(Lacipil 2mg tab.)
(Lacipil 4mg tab.)
NICARDIPINE
Injectable
(Cardepine 2mg/2ml amp.)
(Cardepine 10mg/ml amp.)
(Perdipine 2mg inj.)
VERAPAMIL
Tablet
(Isoptin 40mg tab.)
(Isoptin 80mg tab.)
(Isoptin SR 180mg tab.)
(Isoptin 240mg tab.)
(Isoptin 5mg/2ml amp.)
XXVII. ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONIST
TELMISARTAN
Tablet
(Micardis 40mg tab.)
(Pritor 40mg tab.)
TELMISARTAN/ HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Tablet
(Micardis Plus 4omg tab.)
(Pritor Plus 40mg tab.)
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL
Tablet
(Olmetec 40mg tab.)
IRBESARTAN
Tablet
(Aprovel 150mg tab.)
IRBESARTAN/ HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Tablet
(Co-Aprovel 150mg tab.)
CANDESARTAN
Tablet
(Blopress 8mg tab.)
(Blopress 16mg tab.)
LOSARTAN POTASSIUM
Tablet
(Combizar 50mg/100mg tab.)
(Lifezar 50mg/100mg tab.)
(Angisartan 50mg tab.)
XXVIII. ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONIST
LOSARTAN/ HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE
Tablet
(Combizar 50mg/100mg tab.)
(Hyzaar 50mg/100mg tab.)
XXIX. OTHER ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
SPIRONOLACTONE
Tablet
(Aldactone 25mg tab.)
(Aldazide 25mg/2.5mg tab.)
METHYLDOPA
Tablet
(Aldomet 250mg tab.)
HYDRALAZINE HCl
Tablet
(Apresoline 25mg tab.)
Injectable
(Hydralazine 20mg amp.)
CLONIDINE
Tablet
(Catapres 75mcg tab.)
(Catapres 150mcg tab.)
Injectable
(Catapres 150mcg/ml amp.)
ALESKERIN
Tablet
(Razeles tab.)
XXX. DIURETICS
SPIRONOLACTONE
Tablet
(Aldactone 25mg tab.)
(Aldactone 50mg tab.)
(Aldazide 25mg/2.5mg tab.)
FUROSEMIDE
Tablet
(Lasix 40mg tab.)
(Injectable)
(Fretic 10mg/ml amp.)
(Lasix 20mg amp.)
XXXI. ALPHA INHIBITORS
TERAZZOCIN
Tablet
(Lotencin 2mg tab.)
(Hytrin 2mg tab.)
XXXII. PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS AND CEREBRAL ACTIVATORS
ISOXSUPRINE HCl
Tablet
(Duvadilan 10mg tab.)
(Duvadilan 10mg amp.)
(Isoxilan 10mg/2ml amp.)
CINNARIZINE
Tablet
(Stugeron 25mg tab.)
GINKGO BILOBA
Tablet
(Tebokan tab.)
ALMITRINE BISMESYLATE
Tablet
(Duxaril tab.)
XXXIII. VASOCONSTRICTORS
NORADRENALINE BITARTRATE
Injectable
(Levophed 1mg/ml amp.)
XXXIV. HAEMOSTATICS
PHYTOMENADIONE
Injectable
(Hema-K 10mg/ml amp.)
TRANEXAMIC ACID
Capsule
(Hemostan 500mg cap.)
Injectable
(Hemostan 500mg amp.)
XXXV. ANTICOAGULANTS, ANTITHROMBOTICS AND FIBRINOLYTICS
ASPIRIN
Tablet
(Aspilets 80mg tab.)
(Anthrom 100mg tab.)
(Aspec-EC 100mg tab.)
HEPARIN
Injectable
(Leo Heparin Sodium 5000M vial)
Arixtra inj.)
CLOPIDOGREL
Tablet
(Plavix 75mg tab.)
(Therapharma Clopidogrel tab.)
CILOSTAZOL
Tablet
(Clazol 50mgtab.)
(Thrombocil 50mg tab.)
(Pietaal 50mg tab.)
STREPTOKINASE
Infusion
(Streptokinase vial)
SULODEXIDE
Injectable
(Vessel Due-F 300LSU/ml)
Capsule
(Vessel Due-F 250LSU)
XXXVI.
ANTIASTHMATIC & COPD PREPARATIONS
FENOTEROL HBR/ IPRATROPIUM BR
Nebule
(Berodual F UDV neb.)
BUDESONIDE
Nebule
(Bronex 250mcg neb.)
(Asmavent Pulmoneb 250mcg)
(Budecort Resp. neb.)
GUIAAFENESIN/ TERBUTALINE SO4
Syrup
(Bricanyl Expectorant syr.)
GUAIAFENESIN/ SALBUTAMOL
Syrup
(Broncaire Expectorant syr.)
(Ventar Expectorant syr.)
(Pediavent 50mg syr.)
IPRATROPIUM/ SALBUTAMOL
Nebule
(Combivent neb.)
(Duavent Pulmoneb)
THEOPHYLLINE
Tablet
(Nuelin 125mg tab.)
Syrup
(Nuelin 125mg syr.)
SALBUTAMOL
Nebule
(Hivent neb.)
(Ventolin neb.)
Syrup
(Ventar 2mg syr.)
(Ventolin Expectorant syr.)
(Ventolinn syr.)
(Efamed ssyr.)
KETOTIFEN
Drops / Syrup
(Zaditen drops)
(Zaditen syr.)
TERBUTALINE SO4
Syrup
(Bricanyl Expectorant syr.)
Nebule
(Bricanyl 2.5mg neb.)
XXXVII. COUGH AND COLD REMEDIES
LEVODROPROPIZINE
Syrup
(Levopront 30mg syr.) 60ml.
CYCLIDROL
Capsule
(Mucoflux 100mg cap.)
AMBROXOL
Tablet / Capsule
(Zobrixol 30mg tab.)
(Zobrixol 75mg cap.)
(Mucosolvan 75mg tab.)
Drops/Syrup
(Zobrixol drops)
(Zobrixol syrup)
Injectable
(Mucosolvan 15mg amp.)
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE
Syrup
(Zeditapp syr.)
(Pediatapp syr.)
Tablet / Capsule
(Zeditapp tab.)
(Nasathera cap.)
PHENYLEPHRINE
Syrup
(Disudrin drops)
(Snizee drops)
(Snizee syr.)
ACETYLCYSTEINE
Tablet
(Fluimucil 600mg tab.)
Granules
(Fluimucil 100mg granules)
(Fluimucil 200mg granules)
ERDOSTEINE
Syrup
(Zertin sup.)
XXXVIII. ANTIBIOTICS
1. AMINOGLYCOSIDES
GENTAMICIN SULFATE
Injectable
(Gentacor 40mg amp.)
AMIKACIN SULFATE
Injectable
(Amikin 100mg vial)
(Amikin 250mg vial)
(Nica 200mg vial)
(Nica 500mg vial)
(Cidadid 250mg amp.)
2. CEPHALOSPORINS
First Generation
CEFALEXIN MONOHYDRATE
Capsule
(Forexine 500mg cap.)
(RM Cefalexin 500mg cap.)
Suspensions
(Airex drops)
(Airex 250mg susp.)
(Forexine 250mg susp.)
CEFAZOLIN
Injectable
(Stancel 1g vial)
Second Generation
CEFUROXIME
Capsule
(Zegen 500mg cap.)
(Kefsyn 250mg cap.)
(Kefsyn 500mg cap.)
(Zinnat 250mg tab.)
(Zoltax tab. 500mg)
Suspension
(Zinnat 125mg susp.)
(Zinnat 250mg susp.)
Injectable
(Zegen 750mg vial)
(Profurex 750mg vial)
(Zinacef 750mg vial)
(Infekor 750mg vial)
CEFACLOR
Suspension
(Xelent drops)
(Xelent 125mgsusp.)
(Xelent 250mg susp.)
(Ceclobid 250mg susp.)
(Lorcef 250mg susp.)
Third Generation
CEFTAZIDIME
Injectable
(Zeptrigen500mg vial)
(Zeptrigen 1g vial)
(Fortum 500mg vial)
(Fortum 1g vial)
CETRIAXONE
Injectable
(Forgram 1g vial)
(Forgram 500mg vial)
(Rocephin 500mg vial)
(Rocephin 1g vial)
(Roxon 250mg vial)
(Torocef 1g vial)
(Retrokor 1g vial)
(Recephin 1g vial)
CEFIXIME
Capsule
(Tergecef 100mg cap.)
(Tergecef 200mg cap.)
(Zefral100mg cap.)
(Zefral 200mg cap.)
Suspension
(Tergecef 20mg/ml susp.)
(Ultraxime 20mg/ml susp.)
CEFOPERAZONE Na/ SULBACTAM
Injectable
(Sulperazone 1.5g vial)
Fourth Generation
CEFEPIME
Injectable
(Sanpime 1g vial)
(Cepimax 500mg vial)
(Cepimax 1g vial)
(Cepimax 2g vial)
3. MACROLIDES
CLARITHROMYCIN
Tablet
(Klaricid OD 500mg tab.)
Suspension
(Klaricid 125mg Pedia susp.) 50ml
(Klaricid 250mg Pedia susp.) 50ml
(Klaz 125mg Pedia susp.)
JOSAMYCIN
Tablet
(Josamycin 200mg tab.)
ZITHROMYCIN DIHYDRATE
Tablet
(Zithromax 500mg tab.)
Suspension
(Zithromax 200mg susp.)
4. PENICILLINS
CLAVULANIC ACID/AMOXICILLIN
Tablet
(Amoclav 625mg tab.)
(Natravox 625 mgtab.)
(Augmentin 625mg tab.)
(Augmentin 1g tab.)
CLAVULANIC / AMOXICILLIN
Suspension
(Natravox 312.5mg susp.)
(Augmentin DS 312.5mg susp.)
(Augmentin 457mg susp.)
(Sullivan 125mg/31.25mg susp.)
(Sullivan 250mg/62.5mg susp.)
Injectable
(Amoclav 1.2g vial)
AMPICILLIN TRIHYDRATE
Injectable
(Ampicin 250mg vial)
(Ampicin 500mg vial)
(Ampicillin 250mg vial)
(Ampicillin 500mg vial)
AMOXICILLIN TRIHYDRATE
Capsule
(RM Amoxicillin 500mg cap.)
(Himox 500mg cap.)
Injectable
(Amoxicillin 250mg vial)
(Amoxicillin 500mg vial)
FLUCLOXACILLIN
Capsule
(Stafloxin 500mg cap.)
Suspension
(Stafloxin 500mg susp.)
Injectable
(Stafloxin 500mg vial)
OXACILLIN
Injectable
(Wydox 500mg vial)
CLOXACILLIN
Capsule
(RM Cloxacillin 500mg cap.)
PIPERACILLIN / SULBACTAM
Imjectable
(Tazocin 2.25g vial)
(Tazocin 4.5g vial)
(Vigocid 2.5g vial)
(Vigocid 4.5g vial)
(Piptaz 4.5g vial)
(Peprasan-T 4.5g vial)
SULBACTAM/ AMPICILLIN
Injectable
(Unasyn 750mg vial)
(Unasyn 1.5g vial)
SULBACTAM/ AMOXICILLIN
Suspension
(Ultramox 500mg susp.)
ERYTHROMYCIN
Suspension
(Erycar 200mg susp.)
(Erycar 400mg susp.)
5. OTHER BETA-LACTAMS
IMIPENEM/ CILASTATIN
Injectable
(Anipen 500mg vial)
(Tienam 500mg vial)
MEROPENEM TRIHYDRATE
Injectable
(Meronem 500mg vial)
(Meronem 1g vial)
(Meromax vial)
6. QUINOLONES
OFLOXACIN
Tablet
(Inoflox 200mg tab.)
(Inoflox 400mg tab.)
CIPROFLOXACIN
Tablet
(Ciprotor 500mg tab.)
(Xipro 500mg tab.)
(Ciprobay XR 1g tab.)
Injectable
(Quilox 2mg/ml vial)
(Ciprobay 2mg/ml vial)
LEVOFLOXACIN
Tablet
(Levox 500mg tab.)
(Pravox 500mg tab.)
Injectable
(Levox 5mg/ml vial)
7. CHLORAMPHENICOLS
CHLORAMPENICOL
Capsule
(Anpheclor 500mg cap.)
(Chloromycetin 500mg cap.)
Injectables
(Anphector 1g vial)
(Chloromycetin 500mg vial)
(Chloromycetin 1g vial)
Suspension
(Chlorocaire 125mg susp,)
(Anphector 125mg susp.)
8. ANTIBACTERIAL COMBINATIONS
COTRIMOXAZOLE
Tablet
(Globaxol 800mg tab.)
Suspension
(Globaxol 200mg susp.)
(Globaxol 400mg susp.)
(Pediatrim 200mg susp.)
(Pediatrim DS 400mg susp.)
(Zolmed 200mg susp.)
(Zolmed 400mg susp.)
9. OTHER ANTIBIOTICS
METRONIDAZOLE
Tablet
(Flagyl 500mg tab.)
(Dazomet 500mg tab.)
Infusion
(Flagyl 500mg vial)
(Metrinox 500mg vial)
(Dazomet 500mg vial)
CLINDAMYCIN
Capsule
(Clindal 300mg cap.)
Injectable
(Tidact 150mg vial)
XXXIX. ANTIVIRALS
METHISOPRINOL
Tablet
(Isoprinosine 500mg tab.)
Syrup
(Isoprinosine 250mg syr.)
ACICLOVIR (For Adult)
(For H1N1)
Tablet
(Klozivex 800mg tab.)
XL. ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
INSULIN
Injectable
(Humulin R vial)
(Humulin N vial)
(Lantus vial)
GLICLAZIDE
Tablet
(Diamicron MR 30mg tab.)
(Gluconil 80mg tab.)
METFORMIN
Tablet
(Glucophage 500mg tab.)
(Fornidd 500mg tab.)
(Neoform 500mg tab.)
(Glumet 500mg tab.)
GLIMEPIRIDE
Tablet
(Norizec 1mg , 2mg tab.)
(Sclosa 1mg , 2mg tab.)
(Getryl 1mg , 2mg, 3mg tab.)
PIOGLITAZONE HCl
Tablet
(Actos 15mg tab.)
(Actos 30mg tab.)
(Prialta 15mg, 30mg, 45 mg tab.)
XLI. ANTIHYPERLIPIDAEMIC AGENTS
ROSUVASTATIN Ca
Tablet
(Crestor 10mg tab.)
SIMVASTATIN
Tablet
(Vidastat 40mg, 80mg tab.)
(Zocor 10mg, 20mg, 40mg, 80mg tab.)
ATORVASTATIN
Tablet
(Lipitor 10mg, 20mg, 40mg, 80mg tab.)
XLII. ANTI-ALLERGY
HYDROXYZINE
Tablet
(Iterax 10mg tab.)
(Iterax 25mg tab.)
CETIRIZINE
Tablet
(Alnix 10mg tab.)
(Virlix 10mg tab.)
Syrup
(Alnix drops)
(Alnix 5mg syr.)
(Virlix 5mg syr.)
DESLORATADINE
Tablet
(Aerius 5mg tab.)
EBASTINE
Tablet
(Aleva 10mg ,20mg tab.)
LORATADINE
Tablet
(Claritin 10mg tab.)
PROMETHAZINE
Injectable
(Promethazine amp.)
DIPHENHYDRAMINE
Injectable
(Diphenhydramine amp.)
Capsule
(Benadryl 25mg cap.)
CHLORPHENAMINE
Injectable
(Antamin 10mg amp.)
XLIII. CORTICOSTEROID HORMONES
HYDROCORTISONE
Injectable
(Solu Cortef 100mg vial)
(Solu Cortef 250mg vial)
DEXAMETHASONE
Injectable
(Dexticort 5mg vial)
PREDNISONE
Syrup and Suspension
(Ortipred 20mg syr.)
(Pred 10mg susp.)
METHYLPREDNISOLONE
Tablet
(Medrol 8mg tab.)
(Medrol 16mg tab.)
XLIV. DRUGS ACTING ON THE UTERUS
METHYLERGOMETRINE MALEATE
Tablet
(Methergin 125mcg tab.)
(Usamema 125mcg tab.)
Injectable
(Methergin 200mcg amp.)
SYNTHETIC OXYTOCIN
Injectable
(Syntocinon 10IU amp.)
XLV. ESTROGENS & PROGESTERONES
DYDROGESTERONE
Tablet
(Duphaston tab.)
XLVI. VACCINES
PURIFIED CHICK EMBRYO CELL RABIES VACCINE
Injectable
(Rabipur vial)
(Verorab vial)
TETANUS TOXOID
Injectable
(Anatetall amp.)
(Tetanus toxoid)
ANTI-TETANUS SERUM
Injectable
(ATS 1,500 IU amp.)
(ATS 3,000 IU amp.)
(ATS 5,000 IU amp.)
HUMAN IG TETANUS
Injectable
(Tetagram 250 IU inj.)
XLVII. ANAESTHETICS - LOCAL AND GENERAL
SEVOFLURANE
Liquid
(Sevorane 250ml)
ISOFLURANE
Solution
(Forane 100ml)
HALOTHANE
Liquid
(Halothane 250ml)
BUPIVACAINE HCl
Injectable
(Hospira Bupivacaine 8% inj.)
(Marcaine 0.5% inj.)
PONTOCAINE
Injectable
(Pontocaine 20mg amp.)
PROPOFOL
Injectable
(Propofol 20mg vial)
KETAMINE
Injectable
(Ketamine 500mg vial)
PETHIDINE
Injectable
(Demerol 50mg vial)
LIDOCAINE HCl
Injectable
(Cathejell gel)
(Lidocaine HCl 20mg sol'n.)
XLVIII. APPETITE ENHANCERS
DIBENCOZIDE
Capsule
(Heraclene 1mg cap.)
XLIX. MEDICATED SURGICAL DRESSINGS
SODIUM FUSIDATE
Intertulle
(Fucidin intertulle)
L. HAEMATOPOIETIC AGENTS
EPOETIN BETA
Injection
(Recormon 5,000 IU)
EPOETIN ALPHA
Injection
(Renogen vl. 4000 IU)
LI. MULTIVITAMINS
BETALIFE cap. FERROPLEX tab.
ENER-A PLUS drops 30ml IBERET-FOLIC tab.
ENER-A PLUS syrup 120ml BENUTREX-C amp.
E-ZINC syrup BIOZINC syrup
E-ZINC drops BIOZINC drops
NUTRICARE drops CALVIT tab.
NUTRICARE syrup TRIBIMIN amp.
SORBIFER DURULES RM ASCORBIC ACID 500mg tab.
LII. PARENTERAL NUTRITION
AMINOLEBAN granules
AMINOLEBAN infusion
AMINOGEN infusion
NEPHROSTERIL infusion
VAMIN - glucose
LIII. OTHERS
CALCIUM GLUCONATE vial
SODIUM BICARBONATE 650mg tab.
SODIUM BICARBONATE amp.
KALIMATE sachet 5g
ACALKA tab.
HYPERTONIC SALINE solution
SODIUM CHLORIDE tab.
KALIUM DURULES tab.
BACTIDOL 120ml
SLOW MOVING MEDICINES :
1. Versant XR (Felodipine) 5mg tab -ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
2. Ascopen (Hyoscine-N-Butyl-Bromide) 10mg tab.- ANTISPASMODIC
3. Topamax (Topiramate) 25mg tab.- ANTI-EPILEPSY
4. Ganaton (Itopride HCl) 50mg tab.- ANTI-DYSPEPSIA
5. Lipitor (Atorvastatin) 20mg- ANTI-CHOLESTEROL
6. Aldazide (Spironolactone + HCTZ) 25/2.5mg tab.)- ANTI-HTN/ DIURETIC
7. Nutricare Drops - MULTIVITAMIN
8. Pravox (Levofloxacin) 500mg tab. - ANTIBIOTIC
9. Heraclene (Dibencozide) 1mg tab.- APPETITE STIMULANT
10. Klaricid (Clarithromycin) 250mg susp.- ANTIBIOTIC
11. Myrin (Ethambutol/ Rifampicin/ Isoniazid) 300/150/75mg tab.- ANTI-TB
12. Euglucon (Glibenclamide) 5mg tab.- ANTIDIABETIC
13. Vascor (Imidapril) 5mg tab.- ANTIHYERTENSIVE
14. Apresoline (Hydralazine) 25mg tab. - ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
15. Thorazine (Chlorpromazine) 25mg tab.- ANTIPSYCHOTIC
16. Actos (Pioglitazone) 15mg tab.- ANTIDIABETIC
17. Inoflox (Ofloxacin) 400mg tab.- ANTIBIOTIC
18. Ciprobay (Ciprofloxacin) 100mg vial - ANTIBIOTIC
19. Dabrin (Dexamethasone) 4mg vial- CORTICOSTEROID
20. Gastrin (Hyoscine-N-Butyl-Bromide) 20mg vial-ANTISPASMODIC
Saturday, February 27, 2010
Diabetic
Follow-through- Diabetic
My name is Arman. I'm on my forties.I have this problem like at times I was having a blurred vision.I am overweight and have a sedentary lifestyle. What could you help me then?
Author:
Arman I don't know how you are feeling today but base on what you have told me the manifestation could lead to something else. Why don't you try to visit hospital and have a check-up. Most probably you could ask for an FBS then you could text me again.
I have my Hgt done by my niece who is a nurse it is about 380. Anyway my niece said that I can work on my sugar by going to the gym and watching my diet.
Author:
I don't know but I guess both of you are denying that you've got a problem. Anyway tell her to repeat Hgt.This time you have to fast for about 8 hours.That is no food intake from 12 midnight until you have your Hgt, alright!
I had my Hgt it is 200. I am afraid 0f medicine especially if I am going to take it for the rest of my life
Author:
That is still high. Try FBS and you have to fast for the next 8 hours once more. You have no choice. You have to take oral medicine otherwise some of your internal organs might be compromise.
Yes I have the result now. It is 10.1 mmol/l but the normal values are 4.2-6.4 mmol/l. Thanks! The doctor told me to drink oral medicine twice. One tablet in the morning and another at night. It is Metformin HCl 500 mg tablet oral hypoglycemic. It does not cost me much unlike before I used to take herbal medicines that have no therapeutic effects. I feel better now. I owe it to you probably I just need someone to talk to. Cheers!
Author:
Not yet! You don't owe me anything. I am just a nurse and I consult also the physician as you did. You owe it to yourself for seeking help. You owe God for enlightening your mind. Hey I guess you should try checking your HbA1c, as well . Go back to the physician after the result so he could adjust the dosage of your medicine accordingly.
I have my HbA1c. It is 10.0 % ; the normal values are 4.50-6.30 %. The doctor told me to take my oral medicine 3 times a day with meals. Meanwhile, I have to take my medicine religiously and probably next month I will get my Hgt once more and the doctor will work from there. Hopefully if it goes down I would reduce my medicine .Thanks, I will keep an update for you!
I have tried my Hgt today and it is about 175. I feel great!
Author:
Cool ! You should maintain it at 90. I suggest you have an FBS after 2 weeks of taking your medicine so the dosage be adjusted.
I just got my Hgt today and it is 112. I am feeling good!
Author:
That is great! Do not forget to have your FBS a week after so dosage of your medicine could be reduced.
I just got my FBS today and it is 6.2 mmol/l. The normal value is 4.2-6.4 mmol/l . The physician told me that I just got the right dose so I have to continue my Metformin HCl 3 x a day.
Author :
Good to hear that I am hoping that you would feel better each day!
I got my Hgt today and it is 151.
Author:
That's a bit high. Continue with your medications and have a check-up . What have you been doing lately?
I have been eating a lot. I always feel hungry lately. I feel too tired at times. I also drink a lot.
Author:
Based on your Hgt you are supposed to add more medicine . You have to watch your carbohydrates and sugar intake. Alcohol may cause an adverse reaction while you are taking the medication. I thought you want to get cured . Why are you doing this?
Sorry . I just feel like am depriving myself of all the things that I love doing.
Author:
I do not know what you are doing. Helping yourself is not deprivation.
Sorry! I am trying to adjust on my present situation. Much as I could I watch my carbohydrates intake, do some daily exercise and limit alcohol . I just cannot update you on my Hgt because I find it hard every now and then to visit hospital for that. Could you recommend any alternative?
Author:
Perfect! I suggest if you have extra money to buy the glucometer,, needles and strips for Hgt, you must purchase now. Checking your Hgt will be a routine to update your blood sugar.
Hello! It's been quite while since I updated you. I was not able to buy the glucometer. I feel like I can't prick on my fingers. I'll just leave the Hgt thing to the physician or nurse. Anyway my latest Hgt reading is 99. I actually feel better lose weight and almost 2 to 3 kg away to having that perfect normal weight. I see things clearer like I've never seen them before. I slim down and I have learned to appreciate the taste of food. Thanks!
Author:
Good to hear that! Well you were able to survive the consequences of having Type II diabetis and that includes lost of vision, amputation of gangrened foot and others. Keep on taking your medication regularly and avoid too much sweets, carbohydrates and alcohol. Keep your body fit by doing exercises regularly. Cheers!
______________________________________________________________
My name is Philip. Like Arman I used to splurge drinking , eating and having fun . Now I feel like I am starting to loose my hearing.
Author:
How did you notice that you can't hear well anymore?
I used to clean my ears and everytime I put this bud in my ear I can hear the usual sound it creates. But now no matter how I roll the bud I could not hear that sound anymore.
Author:
What did you do then to help yourself ?
I bought an expensive hearing aid but when I tried it at home it won't work.
Author:
Please consult a physician and ask for assistance.
Thanks! The physician told me that hearing aids have specialize treatment on an ear problem. It is like eyeglasses that we use for a particular eye defect.
Author:
I suggest you visit an EENT.
Hello I visited an EENT today. He checked my ears and he said it is clogged. He prescribed me antibiotics and eardrops. He asked me to go back after a week. He take a look at the hearing aid I bought and he said it didn't fit my ear. That was too large for me. Byebye now!
Author:
See sometimes we bought things that was really not cool. Anyways update me alright?
Yeah! Just done with antibiotics. I feel great today. The doctor told me to continue on my eardrops. He told me that the clogged was almost gone. Thanks!
Author:
No problem sir. So long as you are concerned with your health you will have a great day ahead of you!
Thank you I can hear things clearer now!
____________________________________________________________________
My name is Martin. I am 26 years old. Alcohol is my cure. Until last night, I got my BP result and it is 140/100. I am afraid because I am still too young to be hypertensive. How could you help me then?
Author:
I suggest you visit a physician at once.
Yes ,I consulted a doctor and he prescribed me Calciblre 5mg. I feel better now.
Author:
Good for you. Maybe you can cut-off or at least decrease your alcohol intake.
My name is Arman. I'm on my forties.I have this problem like at times I was having a blurred vision.I am overweight and have a sedentary lifestyle. What could you help me then?
Author:
Arman I don't know how you are feeling today but base on what you have told me the manifestation could lead to something else. Why don't you try to visit hospital and have a check-up. Most probably you could ask for an FBS then you could text me again.
I have my Hgt done by my niece who is a nurse it is about 380. Anyway my niece said that I can work on my sugar by going to the gym and watching my diet.
Author:
I don't know but I guess both of you are denying that you've got a problem. Anyway tell her to repeat Hgt.This time you have to fast for about 8 hours.That is no food intake from 12 midnight until you have your Hgt, alright!
I had my Hgt it is 200. I am afraid 0f medicine especially if I am going to take it for the rest of my life
Author:
That is still high. Try FBS and you have to fast for the next 8 hours once more. You have no choice. You have to take oral medicine otherwise some of your internal organs might be compromise.
Yes I have the result now. It is 10.1 mmol/l but the normal values are 4.2-6.4 mmol/l. Thanks! The doctor told me to drink oral medicine twice. One tablet in the morning and another at night. It is Metformin HCl 500 mg tablet oral hypoglycemic. It does not cost me much unlike before I used to take herbal medicines that have no therapeutic effects. I feel better now. I owe it to you probably I just need someone to talk to. Cheers!
Author:
Not yet! You don't owe me anything. I am just a nurse and I consult also the physician as you did. You owe it to yourself for seeking help. You owe God for enlightening your mind. Hey I guess you should try checking your HbA1c, as well . Go back to the physician after the result so he could adjust the dosage of your medicine accordingly.
I have my HbA1c. It is 10.0 % ; the normal values are 4.50-6.30 %. The doctor told me to take my oral medicine 3 times a day with meals. Meanwhile, I have to take my medicine religiously and probably next month I will get my Hgt once more and the doctor will work from there. Hopefully if it goes down I would reduce my medicine .Thanks, I will keep an update for you!
I have tried my Hgt today and it is about 175. I feel great!
Author:
Cool ! You should maintain it at 90. I suggest you have an FBS after 2 weeks of taking your medicine so the dosage be adjusted.
I just got my Hgt today and it is 112. I am feeling good!
Author:
That is great! Do not forget to have your FBS a week after so dosage of your medicine could be reduced.
I just got my FBS today and it is 6.2 mmol/l. The normal value is 4.2-6.4 mmol/l . The physician told me that I just got the right dose so I have to continue my Metformin HCl 3 x a day.
Author :
Good to hear that I am hoping that you would feel better each day!
I got my Hgt today and it is 151.
Author:
That's a bit high. Continue with your medications and have a check-up . What have you been doing lately?
I have been eating a lot. I always feel hungry lately. I feel too tired at times. I also drink a lot.
Author:
Based on your Hgt you are supposed to add more medicine . You have to watch your carbohydrates and sugar intake. Alcohol may cause an adverse reaction while you are taking the medication. I thought you want to get cured . Why are you doing this?
Sorry . I just feel like am depriving myself of all the things that I love doing.
Author:
I do not know what you are doing. Helping yourself is not deprivation.
Sorry! I am trying to adjust on my present situation. Much as I could I watch my carbohydrates intake, do some daily exercise and limit alcohol . I just cannot update you on my Hgt because I find it hard every now and then to visit hospital for that. Could you recommend any alternative?
Author:
Perfect! I suggest if you have extra money to buy the glucometer,, needles and strips for Hgt, you must purchase now. Checking your Hgt will be a routine to update your blood sugar.
Hello! It's been quite while since I updated you. I was not able to buy the glucometer. I feel like I can't prick on my fingers. I'll just leave the Hgt thing to the physician or nurse. Anyway my latest Hgt reading is 99. I actually feel better lose weight and almost 2 to 3 kg away to having that perfect normal weight. I see things clearer like I've never seen them before. I slim down and I have learned to appreciate the taste of food. Thanks!
Author:
Good to hear that! Well you were able to survive the consequences of having Type II diabetis and that includes lost of vision, amputation of gangrened foot and others. Keep on taking your medication regularly and avoid too much sweets, carbohydrates and alcohol. Keep your body fit by doing exercises regularly. Cheers!
______________________________________________________________
My name is Philip. Like Arman I used to splurge drinking , eating and having fun . Now I feel like I am starting to loose my hearing.
Author:
How did you notice that you can't hear well anymore?
I used to clean my ears and everytime I put this bud in my ear I can hear the usual sound it creates. But now no matter how I roll the bud I could not hear that sound anymore.
Author:
What did you do then to help yourself ?
I bought an expensive hearing aid but when I tried it at home it won't work.
Author:
Please consult a physician and ask for assistance.
Thanks! The physician told me that hearing aids have specialize treatment on an ear problem. It is like eyeglasses that we use for a particular eye defect.
Author:
I suggest you visit an EENT.
Hello I visited an EENT today. He checked my ears and he said it is clogged. He prescribed me antibiotics and eardrops. He asked me to go back after a week. He take a look at the hearing aid I bought and he said it didn't fit my ear. That was too large for me. Byebye now!
Author:
See sometimes we bought things that was really not cool. Anyways update me alright?
Yeah! Just done with antibiotics. I feel great today. The doctor told me to continue on my eardrops. He told me that the clogged was almost gone. Thanks!
Author:
No problem sir. So long as you are concerned with your health you will have a great day ahead of you!
Thank you I can hear things clearer now!
____________________________________________________________________
My name is Martin. I am 26 years old. Alcohol is my cure. Until last night, I got my BP result and it is 140/100. I am afraid because I am still too young to be hypertensive. How could you help me then?
Author:
I suggest you visit a physician at once.
Yes ,I consulted a doctor and he prescribed me Calciblre 5mg. I feel better now.
Author:
Good for you. Maybe you can cut-off or at least decrease your alcohol intake.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Thanks to those who read my post . I don't earn here except that you benefit from whatever I was able to share. Goodluck in all your undertakings!
But if you really insist you can always help through Metrobank S/A No. 2348004756. My account name is : Celso Balonzo. Thank you from Philippines, Mabuhay!
May God bless you always!
Nursing Procedures- are the usual routine in a hospital setting. These include: blood transfusion, NGT, etc.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- The introduction of whole blood or components of the blood , plasma , serum, erythrocytes, or platelets into the venous circulation.
Why are blood transfusion performed?
- for anticipated loss of blood during the surgery
- a low blood count before, during or after the surgery
- severe heart failure (COPD , Anemic, CHF, MI)
- Bone marrow failure
- moderate to severe anemia
What is blood made of ?
- Human blood is made of a fluid called plasma that carries red and white blood cells and platelets.
What are red blood cells?
- It carry oxygen from the lungs to to her body organs and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
What are white blood cells ?
- It fight infections by destroying bacteria, viruses and germs.
What are platelets?
- It helps control bleeding by making clots in the blood vessels opened by surgery or injury.
What is plasma?
- It carries the blood cells throughout the body and contains proteins and minerals. some proteins help the blood to clot.
Is blood tansfusion safe?
- Blood used at most hospitals are from volunteer donors.
- Each blood donor must answer medical history questions and be given a limited physical examination before accepted as donor.
- Donated blood is carefully tested for hepatitis viruses B and C, HIV, human T- lymphotrophic viruses I and II, and syphilis
Transfusion products:
Packed Red Blood Cells
- most commonly transfused blood component
- restores blood oxygen during capacity
- can be refrigerated for up to 42 days
- take oxygen through the bloodstream to every part of the body and bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs
- normally made in the bone marrow, the soft inner part of the bone
- usually given into a vein over 2-4 hours
Whole Blood
- contains red blood cells and plasma
- often used for open heart surgery, for exchange transfusion in newborn babies with hemolytic disease and for massive blood loss
Fresh Frozen Plasma
- plasma which was frozen and stored shortly after it was obtained from the blood donor
- defined as the fluid portion of one unit of human blood that has been centrifuged, separated and frozen solid at 18 degrees Celsius within 6 hours of collection.
- thawed plasma may be transfused up to 5 days after thawing
- one unit is approximately 250ml and must be ABO compatible
Cryoprecipitate
- a frozen blood product prepared from plasma
- indicated for hemophilia A , hypofibrinogenaemia , bleeding from excessive anticoagulation, massive hemorrhage, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
- compatibility testing is not indicated but it is given as ABO compatible
- AB type is the universal plasma donor; O type is the universal plasma recipient
Platelets
- cell fragments which prevent or stop bleeding or bruising by physically plugging the hole in the blood vessels.
- usually given into a vein over a few minutes to an hour
- indicated for thrombocytopenia, acute leukemia, to restore platelet count preoperatively
- if a patient's bone marrow is not producing platelet, then platelet transfusion is needed once or twice a week
Granulocytes
- type of white blood cells that help the body fight infection
- also called neutrophils
- for severe gram negative infection or severe neutropenia unresponsive to routine forms of therapy in immunosuppressive patients
- usually infused into a vein over 1-2 hours
- given daily for 5 days or until the patient's granulocyte count returns to normal level
BLOOD TYPE IDENTIFICATION
Patient/ (Compatible Transfusion) Plasma/ RBC
Type A / Type A or AB/ Type A or O
Type B/ Type B or AB / Type B or O
Type AB / Type AB / Type A, B, AB or O
Type O / Type A, B, AB or O/ Type O
Rh(-)/ Must receive RH (-) blood
Rh (+)/ Can receive Rh (-) or (+)
O(-)/-/ Universal donor for RBC
AB (+)/ Universal donor for plasma
Purposes
- to increase the circulating blood volume as in shock due to hemorrhage
- to increase red cell volume of hemoglobin content of the blood as in anemia
- to increase WBC content of the blood as in agranulocytosis and leukopenia
- to increase the quantity of protein (malnutrition), excessive loss of protein from burns or vesicular skin diseases
MATERIALS NEEDED
- Intravascular tray
- Plain NSS
- Compatible blood transfusion set
- Tourniquet
- Intravenous catheter/ needle/ gauge 18/19
- Blood product
- Gloves (sterile)
- Micropore
- IV stand / pole
- Cotton balls with alcohol
PROCEDURE
1. Verify doctor's order and make a treatment card.> To avoid mistakes
2. Explain procedure to the patient.> Encourage patient's cooperation and decrease anxiety
3. Check the availability of blood components, blood typing and amount of blood. > To prevent blood transfusion reaction and lethal effect of transfusion
4. Warm the blood at room temperature (30 C) by wrapping the blood bag with towel. Blood should be transfused not more than 20 minutes from the time it arrives from the blood bank. > To prevent untoward blood reaction
5. Have a doctor or a nurse to countercheck the compatible blood to be transfused:
> Name and identification number
> Patient's blood group and Rh type
> Donor's blood group and Rh type
> X-match compatibility
> Blood unit and serial component
> Expiration date of blood product (FWB, PRBC, FFP, Cryoprecipitate)
> To prevent any problem in relation to transfusion
6. Get the baseline vital signs before transfusion. (PR/CR, RR, BP, Temperature). > To compare any change in vital signs before and during BT
7. Get premedication 30 minutes before transfusion (anti-histamine, benadryl, antamin, paracetamol). > To prevent minor allergic reaction
8. Wash hands and don gloves. > To prevent contamination of microorganisms
9. Initiate an intravenous line with appropriate cannula with plain NSS, anchor catheter properly and regulate rate. > To flush out tubing and keep IV open
10. Open compatible blood aseptically and spike blood bag carefully; prime tubing and remove bubbles. > To prevent air embolism
11. Disinfect the Y injection port of IV tubing and insert the needle from the BT administration set and secure with adhesive tapes.
12. Close IV fluid of plain NSS or regulate to KVO while transfusion is going on.
13. Transfuse the blood for 4-6 hours via injection port at 10-15 gtts/min then regulate at ordered time.
14. Observe for any untoward signs and symptoms such as chills, elevated temperature, itchiness, urticaria, flushed skin and dyspnea. > Transfusion reaction occurs during the first 10-15 minutes of transfusion. If any occurs, stop the transfusion and report to the physician.
15. Swirl the bag (FWB) once in a while.> To mix the solid and liquid elements of the blood.
RBC tends to settle at the bottom of the solution while the plasma rises to the top as the blood bag hangs
16. If blood is consumed, close roller clamp of blood transfusion set then disconnect from the intravenous line and regulate the intravenous fluid as ordered.
17. Carry out post BT order such as repeat hgb and hct, bleeding time, serial platelet count , etc.
18. document observations done.
>Time started
>Time ended
>Blood transfusion reactions, if any
ADVERSE REACTIONS:
- Circulatory overload
- Sepsis
- Febrile reaction
- Allergic reaction
- Acute hemolytic reaction
But if you really insist you can always help through Metrobank S/A No. 2348004756. My account name is : Celso Balonzo. Thank you from Philippines, Mabuhay!
May God bless you always!
Nursing Procedures- are the usual routine in a hospital setting. These include: blood transfusion, NGT, etc.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
- The introduction of whole blood or components of the blood , plasma , serum, erythrocytes, or platelets into the venous circulation.
Why are blood transfusion performed?
- for anticipated loss of blood during the surgery
- a low blood count before, during or after the surgery
- severe heart failure (COPD , Anemic, CHF, MI)
- Bone marrow failure
- moderate to severe anemia
What is blood made of ?
- Human blood is made of a fluid called plasma that carries red and white blood cells and platelets.
What are red blood cells?
- It carry oxygen from the lungs to to her body organs and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
What are white blood cells ?
- It fight infections by destroying bacteria, viruses and germs.
What are platelets?
- It helps control bleeding by making clots in the blood vessels opened by surgery or injury.
What is plasma?
- It carries the blood cells throughout the body and contains proteins and minerals. some proteins help the blood to clot.
Is blood tansfusion safe?
- Blood used at most hospitals are from volunteer donors.
- Each blood donor must answer medical history questions and be given a limited physical examination before accepted as donor.
- Donated blood is carefully tested for hepatitis viruses B and C, HIV, human T- lymphotrophic viruses I and II, and syphilis
Transfusion products:
Packed Red Blood Cells
- most commonly transfused blood component
- restores blood oxygen during capacity
- can be refrigerated for up to 42 days
- take oxygen through the bloodstream to every part of the body and bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs
- normally made in the bone marrow, the soft inner part of the bone
- usually given into a vein over 2-4 hours
Whole Blood
- contains red blood cells and plasma
- often used for open heart surgery, for exchange transfusion in newborn babies with hemolytic disease and for massive blood loss
Fresh Frozen Plasma
- plasma which was frozen and stored shortly after it was obtained from the blood donor
- defined as the fluid portion of one unit of human blood that has been centrifuged, separated and frozen solid at 18 degrees Celsius within 6 hours of collection.
- thawed plasma may be transfused up to 5 days after thawing
- one unit is approximately 250ml and must be ABO compatible
Cryoprecipitate
- a frozen blood product prepared from plasma
- indicated for hemophilia A , hypofibrinogenaemia , bleeding from excessive anticoagulation, massive hemorrhage, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
- compatibility testing is not indicated but it is given as ABO compatible
- AB type is the universal plasma donor; O type is the universal plasma recipient
Platelets
- cell fragments which prevent or stop bleeding or bruising by physically plugging the hole in the blood vessels.
- usually given into a vein over a few minutes to an hour
- indicated for thrombocytopenia, acute leukemia, to restore platelet count preoperatively
- if a patient's bone marrow is not producing platelet, then platelet transfusion is needed once or twice a week
Granulocytes
- type of white blood cells that help the body fight infection
- also called neutrophils
- for severe gram negative infection or severe neutropenia unresponsive to routine forms of therapy in immunosuppressive patients
- usually infused into a vein over 1-2 hours
- given daily for 5 days or until the patient's granulocyte count returns to normal level
BLOOD TYPE IDENTIFICATION
Patient/ (Compatible Transfusion) Plasma/ RBC
Type A / Type A or AB/ Type A or O
Type B/ Type B or AB / Type B or O
Type AB / Type AB / Type A, B, AB or O
Type O / Type A, B, AB or O/ Type O
Rh(-)/ Must receive RH (-) blood
Rh (+)/ Can receive Rh (-) or (+)
O(-)/-/ Universal donor for RBC
AB (+)/ Universal donor for plasma
Purposes
- to increase the circulating blood volume as in shock due to hemorrhage
- to increase red cell volume of hemoglobin content of the blood as in anemia
- to increase WBC content of the blood as in agranulocytosis and leukopenia
- to increase the quantity of protein (malnutrition), excessive loss of protein from burns or vesicular skin diseases
MATERIALS NEEDED
- Intravascular tray
- Plain NSS
- Compatible blood transfusion set
- Tourniquet
- Intravenous catheter/ needle/ gauge 18/19
- Blood product
- Gloves (sterile)
- Micropore
- IV stand / pole
- Cotton balls with alcohol
PROCEDURE
1. Verify doctor's order and make a treatment card.> To avoid mistakes
2. Explain procedure to the patient.> Encourage patient's cooperation and decrease anxiety
3. Check the availability of blood components, blood typing and amount of blood. > To prevent blood transfusion reaction and lethal effect of transfusion
4. Warm the blood at room temperature (30 C) by wrapping the blood bag with towel. Blood should be transfused not more than 20 minutes from the time it arrives from the blood bank. > To prevent untoward blood reaction
5. Have a doctor or a nurse to countercheck the compatible blood to be transfused:
> Name and identification number
> Patient's blood group and Rh type
> Donor's blood group and Rh type
> X-match compatibility
> Blood unit and serial component
> Expiration date of blood product (FWB, PRBC, FFP, Cryoprecipitate)
> To prevent any problem in relation to transfusion
6. Get the baseline vital signs before transfusion. (PR/CR, RR, BP, Temperature). > To compare any change in vital signs before and during BT
7. Get premedication 30 minutes before transfusion (anti-histamine, benadryl, antamin, paracetamol). > To prevent minor allergic reaction
8. Wash hands and don gloves. > To prevent contamination of microorganisms
9. Initiate an intravenous line with appropriate cannula with plain NSS, anchor catheter properly and regulate rate. > To flush out tubing and keep IV open
10. Open compatible blood aseptically and spike blood bag carefully; prime tubing and remove bubbles. > To prevent air embolism
11. Disinfect the Y injection port of IV tubing and insert the needle from the BT administration set and secure with adhesive tapes.
12. Close IV fluid of plain NSS or regulate to KVO while transfusion is going on.
13. Transfuse the blood for 4-6 hours via injection port at 10-15 gtts/min then regulate at ordered time.
14. Observe for any untoward signs and symptoms such as chills, elevated temperature, itchiness, urticaria, flushed skin and dyspnea. > Transfusion reaction occurs during the first 10-15 minutes of transfusion. If any occurs, stop the transfusion and report to the physician.
15. Swirl the bag (FWB) once in a while.> To mix the solid and liquid elements of the blood.
RBC tends to settle at the bottom of the solution while the plasma rises to the top as the blood bag hangs
16. If blood is consumed, close roller clamp of blood transfusion set then disconnect from the intravenous line and regulate the intravenous fluid as ordered.
17. Carry out post BT order such as repeat hgb and hct, bleeding time, serial platelet count , etc.
18. document observations done.
>Time started
>Time ended
>Blood transfusion reactions, if any
ADVERSE REACTIONS:
- Circulatory overload
- Sepsis
- Febrile reaction
- Allergic reaction
- Acute hemolytic reaction
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